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authorFrans Pop <elendil@planet.nl>2009-08-22 15:52:14 +0000
committerFrans Pop <elendil@planet.nl>2009-08-22 15:52:14 +0000
commit325e7229b079ce8367df7a7571aad8bfc8e1e5a9 (patch)
treeef067b19e0513da5d71136e123a5ee504ccc9f58 /da/appendix/chroot-install.xml
parente5895f1749ea5e3dbad24341018333d101e53685 (diff)
downloadinstallation-guide-325e7229b079ce8367df7a7571aad8bfc8e1e5a9.zip
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-<!-- retain these comments for translator revision tracking -->
-<!-- original version: 18773 untranslated -->
-
- <sect1 id="linux-upgrade">
- <title>Installing &debian; from a Unix/Linux System</title>
-
-<para>
-
-This section explains how to install &debian; from an existing
-Unix or Linux system, without using the ncurses-based, menu-driven
-installer as explained in the rest of the manual. This "cross-install"
-HOWTO has been requested by users switching to &debian; from
-Redhat, Mandrake, and SUSE. In this section some familiarity with
-entering *nix commands and navigating the file system is assumed. In
-this section, <prompt>$</prompt> symbolizes a command to be entered in
-the user's current system, while <prompt>#</prompt> refers to a
-command entered in the Debian chroot.
-
-</para><para>
-
-Once you've got the new Debian system configured to your preference,
-you can migrate your existing user data (if any) to it, and keep on
-rolling. This is therefore a "zero downtime" &debian;
-install. It's also a clever way for dealing with hardware that
-otherwise doesn't play friendly with various boot or installation
-media.
-
-</para>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Getting Started</title>
-<para>
-
-With your current *nix partitioning tools, repartition the hard
-drive as needed, creating at least one filesystem plus swap. You
-need at least 150MB of space available for a console only install,
-or at least 300MB if you plan to install X.
-
-</para><para>
-
-To create file systems on your partitions. For example, to create an
-ext3 file system on partition <filename>/dev/hda6</filename> (that's
-our example root partition):
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- $ mke2fs -j /dev/hda6
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-To create an ext2 file system instead, omit <userinput>-j</userinput>.
-
-</para><para>
-
-Initialize and activate swap (substitute the partition number for
-your intended Debian swap partition):
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- $ mkswap /dev/hda5
- $ sync; sync; sync
- $ swapon /dev/hda5
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Mount one partition as <filename>/mnt/debinst</filename> (the
-installation point, to be the root (<filename>/</filename>) filesystem
-on your new system). The mount point name is strictly arbitrary, it is
-referenced later below.
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- $ mkdir /mnt/debinst
- $ mount /dev/hda6 /mnt/debinst
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Install <command>debootstrap</command></title>
-<para>
-
-The tool that the Debian installer uses, which is recognized as the
-official way to install a Debian base system, is
-<command>debootstrap</command>. It uses <command>wget</command>, but
-otherwise depends only on <classname>/bin/sh</classname>. Install
-<command>wget</command> if it isn't already on your current system,
-then download and install <command>debootstrap</command>.
-
-</para><para>
-
-If you have an rpm-based system, you can use alien to convert the
-.deb into .rpm, or download an rpm-ized version at
-<ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~blade/install/debootstrap"></ulink>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Or, you can use the following procedure to install it
-manually. Make a work folder for extracting the .deb into:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- $ mkdir work
- $ cd work
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-</para><para>
-
-The <command>debootstrap</command> binary is located in the Debian
-archive (be sure to select the proper file for your
-architecture). Download the <command>debootstrap</command> .deb from
-the <ulink url="http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/">
-pool</ulink>, copy the package to the work folder, and extract the
-binary files from it. You will need to have root privileges to install
-the binaries.
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- $ ar -xf debootstrap_0.X.X_arch.deb
- $ cd /
- $ zcat &#60; /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Run <command>debootstrap</command></title>
-<para>
-
-<command>debootstrap</command> can download the needed files directly
-from the archive when you run it. You can substitute any Debian
-archive mirror for <userinput>http.us.debian.org/debian</userinput> in
-the command example below, preferably a mirror close to you
-network-wise. Mirrors are listed at
-<ulink url="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors"></ulink>.
-
-</para><para>
-
-If you have a &releasename; &debian; CD mounted at
-<filename>/cdrom</filename>, you could substitute a file URL instead
-of the http URL: <userinput>file:/cdrom/debian/</userinput>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Substitute one of the following for <replaceable>ARCH</replaceable>
-in the <command>debootstrap</command> command:
-
-<userinput>alpha</userinput>,
-<userinput>arm</userinput>,
-<userinput>hppa</userinput>,
-<userinput>i386</userinput>,
-<userinput>ia64</userinput>,
-<userinput>m68k</userinput>,
-<userinput>mips</userinput>,
-<userinput>mipsel</userinput>,
-<userinput>powerpc</userinput>,
-<userinput>s390</userinput>, or
-<userinput>sparc</userinput>.
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- $ /usr/sbin/debootstrap --arch ARCH sarge \
- /mnt/debinst http://http.us.debian.org/debian
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para>
-
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Configure The Base System</title>
-
-<para>
-
-Now you've got a real Debian system, though rather lean, on disk.
-<command>Chroot</command> into it:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- $ chroot /mnt/debinst /bin/bash
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-</para>
-
- <sect3>
- <title>Mount Partitions</title>
-<para>
-
-You need to create <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # editor /etc/fstab
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Here is a sample you can modify to suit:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
-# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
-#
-# file system mount point type options dump pass
-/dev/XXX / ext2 defaults 0 0
-/dev/XXX /boot ext2 ro,nosuid,nodev 0 2
-
-/dev/XXX none swap sw 0 0
-proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
-
-/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,rw,sync,user,exec 0 0
-/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro,user,exec 0 0
-
-/dev/XXX /tmp ext2 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
-/dev/XXX /var ext2 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
-/dev/XXX /usr ext2 rw,nodev 0 2
-/dev/XXX /home ext2 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Use <userinput>mount -a</userinput> to mount all the file systems you
-have specified in your <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, or to mount
-file systems individually use:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # mount /path # e.g.: mount /usr
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-You can mount the proc file system multiple times and to arbitrary
-locations, though /proc is customary. If you didn't use
-<userinput>mount -a</userinput>, be sure to mount proc before
-continuing:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # mount -t proc proc /proc
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para>
-
- </sect3>
-
- <sect3>
- <title>Configure Keyboard</title>
-
-<para>
-
-To configure your keyboard:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # dpkg-reconfigure console-data
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para>
- </sect3>
-
- <sect3>
- <title>Configure Networking</title>
-<para>
-
-To configure networking, edit
-<filename>/etc/network/interfaces</filename>,
-<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>, and
-<filename>/etc/hostname</filename>.
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # editor /etc/network/interfaces
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Here are some simple examples from
-<filename>/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples</filename>:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-######################################################################
-# /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8)
-# See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are
-# available.
-######################################################################
-
-# We always want the loopback interface.
-#
-auto lo
-iface lo inet loopback
-
-# To use dhcp:
-#
-# auto eth0
-# iface eth0 inet dhcp
-
-# An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
-#
-# auto eth0
-# iface eth0 inet static
-# address 192.168.0.42
-# network 192.168.0.0
-# netmask 255.255.255.0
-# broadcast 192.168.0.255
-# gateway 192.168.0.1
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in
-<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # editor /etc/resolv.conf
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-A simple <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
-# search hqdom.local\000
-# nameserver 10.1.1.36
-# nameserver 192.168.9.100
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters):
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # echo DebianHostName &#62; /etc/hostname
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of
-driver modules in the <filename>/etc/modules</filename> file into the
-desired order. Then during boot, each card will be associated with the
-interface name (eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect.
-
-</para>
- </sect3>
-
- <sect3>
- <title>Configure Timezone, Users, and APT</title>
-
-<para>
-
-Set your timezone, add a normal user, and choose your <command>apt</command>
-sources by running
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # /usr/sbin/base-config new
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-</para>
- </sect3>
-
- <sect3>
- <title>Configure Locales</title>
-<para>
-
-To configure your locale settings to use a language other than
-English, install the locales support package and configure it:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # apt-get install locales
- # dpkg-reconfigure locales
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-NOTE: Apt must be configured before, ie. during the base-config phase.
-Before using locales with character sets other than ASCII or latin1,
-please consult the appropriate localisation HOWTO.
-
-</para>
- </sect3>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Install a Kernel</title>
-
-<para>
-
-If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel
-and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # apt-cache search kernel-image
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para>
-
-Then install your choice using its package name.
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
- # apt-get install kernel-image-2.X.X-arch-etc
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
-<title>Set up the Boot Loader</title>
-<para>
-
-To make your &debian; system bootable, set up your boot loader to load
-the installed kernel with your new root partition. Note that debootstrap
-does not install a boot loader, though you can use apt-get inside your
-Debian chroot to do so.
-
-</para><para arch="x86">
-
-Check <userinput>info grub</userinput> or <userinput>man
-lilo.conf</userinput> for instructions on setting up the
-bootloader. If you are keeping the system you used to install Debian, just
-add an entry for the Debian install to your existing grub
-<filename>menu.lst</filename> or <filename>lilo.conf</filename>. For
-<filename>lilo.conf</filename>, you could also copy it to the new system and
-edit it there. After you are done editing, call lilo (remember it will use
-<filename>lilo.conf</filename> relative to the system you call it from).
-
-</para><para arch="x86">
-
-Here is a basic <filename>/etc/lilo.conf</filename> as an example:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
-boot=/dev/hda6
-root=/dev/hda6
-install=/boot/boot-menu.b
-delay=20
-lba32
-image=/vmlinuz
-label=Debian
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-</para><para arch="powerpc">
-
-Check <userinput>man yaboot.conf</userinput> for instructions on
-setting up the bootloader. If you are keeping the system you used to
-install Debian, just add an entry for the Debian install to your
-existing <filename>yaboot.conf</filename>. You could also copy it to
-the new system and
-edit it there. After you are done editing, call ybin (remember it will
-use <filename>yaboot.conf</filename> relative to the system you call it from).
-
-</para><para arch="powerpc">
-
-Here is a basic <filename>/etc/yaboot.conf</filename> as an example:
-
-<informalexample><screen>
-
-boot=/dev/hda2
-device=hd:
-partition=6
-root=/dev/hda6
-magicboot=/usr/lib/yaboot/ofboot
-timeout=50
-image=/vmlinux
-label=Debian
-
-</screen></informalexample>
-
-On some machines, you may need to use <userinput>ide0:</userinput>
-instead of <userinput>hd:</userinput>.
-
-</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>