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Diffstat (limited to 'runtime/tutor')
| -rw-r--r-- | runtime/tutor/tutor | 646 |
1 files changed, 404 insertions, 242 deletions
diff --git a/runtime/tutor/tutor b/runtime/tutor/tutor index 7da46f037..04fe335b8 100644 --- a/runtime/tutor/tutor +++ b/runtime/tutor/tutor @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ =============================================================================== -= W e l c o m e t o t h e V I M T u t o r - Version 1.5 = += W e l c o m e t o t h e V I M T u t o r - Version 1.7 = =============================================================================== Vim is a very powerful editor that has many commands, too many to @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ The approximate time required to complete the tutor is 25-30 minutes, depending upon how much time is spent with experimentation. + ATTENTION: The commands in the lessons will modify the text. Make a copy of this file to practise on (if you started "vimtutor" this is already a copy). @@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ 1. Move the cursor around the screen until you are comfortable. 2. Hold down the down key (j) until it repeats. ----> Now you know how to move to the next lesson. + Now you know how to move to the next lesson. 3. Using the down key, move to Lesson 1.2. @@ -41,36 +42,36 @@ Note: If you are ever unsure about something you typed, press <ESC> to place you in Normal mode. Then retype the command you wanted. Note: The cursor keys should also work. But using hjkl you will be able to - move around much faster, once you get used to it. + move around much faster, once you get used to it. Really! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 1.2: ENTERING AND EXITING VIM + Lesson 1.2: EXITING VIM !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! 1. Press the <ESC> key (to make sure you are in Normal mode). - 2. Type: :q! <ENTER>. - ----> This exits the editor WITHOUT saving any changes you have made. - If you want to save the changes and exit type: - :wq <ENTER> + 2. Type: :q! <ENTER>. + This exits the editor, DISCARDING any changes you have made. 3. When you see the shell prompt, type the command that got you into this - tutor. That could be: vimtutor <ENTER> - Normally you would use: vim tutor <ENTER> - ----> 'vim' means enter the vim editor, 'tutor' is the file you wish to edit. + tutor. That would be: vimtutor <ENTER> 4. If you have these steps memorized and are confident, execute steps - 1 through 3 to exit and re-enter the editor. Then move the cursor down - to Lesson 1.3. + 1 through 3 to exit and re-enter the editor. + +NOTE: :q! <ENTER> discards any changes you made. In a few lessons you + will learn how to save the changes to a file. + + 5. Move the cursor down to Lesson 1.3. + + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 1.3: TEXT EDITING - DELETION -** While in Normal mode press x to delete the character under the cursor. ** + ** Press x to delete the character under the cursor. ** 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. @@ -90,10 +91,10 @@ NOTE: As you go through this tutor, do not try to memorize, learn by usage. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 1.4: TEXT EDITING - INSERTION + Lesson 1.4: TEXT EDITING - INSERTION - ** While in Normal mode press i to insert text. ** + ** Press i to insert text. ** 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. @@ -113,33 +114,79 @@ NOTE: As you go through this tutor, do not try to memorize, learn by usage. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.5: TEXT EDITING - APPENDING + + + ** Press A to append text. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + It does not matter on what character the cursor is in that line. + + 2. Press A and type in the necessary additions. + + 3. As the text has been appended press <ESC> to return to Normal mode. + + 4. Move the cursor to the second line marked ---> and repeat + steps 2 and 3 to correct this sentence. + +---> There is some text missing from th + There is some text missing from this line. +---> There is also some text miss + There is also some text missing here. + + 5. When you are comfortable appending text move to lesson 1.6. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.6: EDITING A FILE + + + ** Use :wq to save a file and exit. ** + + !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! + + 1. Exit this tutor as you did in lesson 1.2: :q! + + 2. At the shell prompt type this command: vim tutor <ENTER> + 'vim' is the command to start the Vim editor, 'tutor' is the name of the + file you wish to edit. Use a file that may be changed. + + 3. Insert and delete text as you learned in the previous lessons. + + 4. Save the file with changes and exit Vim with: :wq <ENTER> + + 5. Restart the vimtutor and move down to the following summary. + + 6. After reading the above steps and understanding them: do it. + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LESSON 1 SUMMARY 1. The cursor is moved using either the arrow keys or the hjkl keys. h (left) j (down) k (up) l (right) - 2. To enter Vim (from the % prompt) type: vim FILENAME <ENTER> + 2. To start Vim from the shell prompt type: vim FILENAME <ENTER> 3. To exit Vim type: <ESC> :q! <ENTER> to trash all changes. OR type: <ESC> :wq <ENTER> to save the changes. - 4. To delete a character under the cursor in Normal mode type: x + 4. To delete the character at the cursor type: x - 5. To insert text at the cursor while in Normal mode type: - i type in text <ESC> + 5. To insert or append text type: + i type inserted text <ESC> insert before the cursor + A type appended text <ESC> append after the line NOTE: Pressing <ESC> will place you in Normal mode or will cancel an unwanted and partially completed command. Now continue with Lesson 2. - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 2.1: DELETION COMMANDS - ** Type dw to delete to the end of a word. ** + ** Type dw to delete a word. ** 1. Press <ESC> to make sure you are in Normal mode. @@ -149,15 +196,15 @@ Now continue with Lesson 2. 4. Type dw to make the word disappear. - NOTE: The letters dw will appear on the last line of the screen as you type - them. If you typed something wrong, press <ESC> and start over. + NOTE: The letter d will appear on the last line of the screen as you type + it. Vim is waiting for you to type w . If you see another character + than d you typed something wrong; press <ESC> and start over. ---> There are a some words fun that don't belong paper in this sentence. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the sentence is correct and go to Lesson 2.2. - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 2.2: MORE DELETION COMMANDS @@ -182,56 +229,102 @@ Now continue with Lesson 2. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 2.3: ON COMMANDS AND OBJECTS + Lesson 2.3: ON OPERATORS AND MOTIONS + + Many commands that change text are made from an operator and a motion. + The format for a delete command with the d delete operator is as follows: - The format for the d delete command is as follows: + d motion - [number] d object OR d [number] object Where: - number - is how many times to execute the command (optional, default=1). - d - is the command to delete. - object - is what the command will operate on (listed below). + d - is the delete operator. + motion - is what the operator will operate on (listed below). - A short list of objects: - w - from the cursor to the end of the word, including the space. - e - from the cursor to the end of the word, NOT including the space. - $ - from the cursor to the end of the line. + A short list of motions: + w - until the start of the next word, EXCLUDING its first character. + e - to the end of the current word, INCLUDING the last character. + $ - to the end of the line, INCLUDING the last character. -NOTE: For the adventurous, pressing just the object while in Normal mode - without a command will move the cursor as specified in the object list. + Thus typing de will delete from the cursor to the end of the word. + +NOTE: Pressing just the motion while in Normal mode without an operator will + move the cursor as specified. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.4: USING A COUNT FOR A MOTION + + + ** Typing a number before a motion repeats it that many times. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line marked ---> below. + + 2. Type 2w to move the cursor two words forward. + + 3. Type 3e to move the cursor to the end of the third word forward. + + 4. Type 0 (zero) to move to the start of the line. + + 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with different numbers. + +---> This is just a line with words you can move around in. + + 6. Move on to Lesson 2.5. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 2.4: AN EXCEPTION TO 'COMMAND-OBJECT' + Lesson 2.5: USING A COUNT TO DELETE MORE + + + ** Typing a number with an operator repeats it that many times. ** + + In the combination of the delete operator and a motion mentioned above you + insert a count before the motion to delete more: + d number motion + + 1. Move the cursor to the first UPPER CASE word in the line marked --->. + 2. Type 2dw to delete the two UPPER CASE words - ** Type dd to delete a whole line. ** + 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a different count to delete the consecutive + UPPER CASE words with one command + +---> this ABC DE line FGHI JK LMN OP of words is Q RS TUV cleaned up. + +NOTE: A count between the operator d and the motion works similar to + using the motion without an operator. + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.6: OPERATING ON LINES + + + ** Type dd to delete a whole line. ** Due to the frequency of whole line deletion, the designers of Vi decided - it would be easier to simply type two d's in a row to delete a line. + it would be easier to simply type two d's to delete a line. 1. Move the cursor to the second line in the phrase below. 2. Type dd to delete the line. 3. Now move to the fourth line. - 4. Type 2dd (remember number-command-object) to delete the two lines. + 4. Type 2dd to delete two lines. - 1) Roses are red, - 2) Mud is fun, - 3) Violets are blue, - 4) I have a car, - 5) Clocks tell time, - 6) Sugar is sweet - 7) And so are you. +---> 1) Roses are red, +---> 2) Mud is fun, +---> 3) Violets are blue, +---> 4) I have a car, +---> 5) Clocks tell time, +---> 6) Sugar is sweet +---> 7) And so are you. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 2.5: THE UNDO COMMAND + Lesson 2.7: THE UNDO COMMAND - ** Press u to undo the last commands, U to fix a whole line. ** + ** Press u to undo the last commands, U to fix a whole line. ** 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked ---> and place it on the first error. @@ -254,45 +347,45 @@ NOTE: For the adventurous, pressing just the object while in Normal mode LESSON 2 SUMMARY - 1. To delete from the cursor to the end of a word type: dw - + 1. To delete from the cursor upto the next word type: dw 2. To delete from the cursor to the end of a line type: d$ - 3. To delete a whole line type: dd - 4. The format for a command in Normal mode is: - - [number] command object OR command [number] object + 4. To repeat a motion prepend it with a number: 2w + 5. The format for a change command is: + operator [number] motion where: - number - is how many times to repeat the command - command - is what to do, such as d for delete - object - is what the command should act upon, such as w (word), - $ (to the end of line), etc. + operator - is what to do, such as d for delete + [number] - is an optional count to repeat the motion + motion - moves over the text to operator on, such as w (word), + $ (to the end of line), etc. - 5. To undo previous actions, type: u (lowercase u) - To undo all the changes on a line type: U (capital U) - To undo the undo's type: CTRL-R + 6. To move to the start of the line use a zero: 0 + + 7. To undo previous actions, type: u (lowercase u) + To undo all the changes on a line, type: U (capital U) + To undo the undo's, type: CTRL-R ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 3.1: THE PUT COMMAND - ** Type p to put the last deletion after the cursor. ** + ** Type p to put previously deleted text after the cursor. ** - 1. Move the cursor to the first line in the set below. + 1. Move the cursor to the first ---> line below. - 2. Type dd to delete the line and store it in Vim's buffer. + 2. Type dd to delete the line and store it in a Vim register. - 3. Move the cursor to the line ABOVE where the deleted line should go. + 3. Move the cursor to the c) line, ABOVE where the deleted line should go. - 4. While in Normal mode, type p to replace the line. + 4. Type p to put the line below the cursor. 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to put all the lines in correct order. - d) Can you learn too? - b) Violets are blue, - c) Intelligence is learned, - a) Roses are red, +---> d) Can you learn too? +---> b) Violets are blue, +---> c) Intelligence is learned, +---> a) Roses are red, @@ -300,45 +393,45 @@ NOTE: For the adventurous, pressing just the object while in Normal mode Lesson 3.2: THE REPLACE COMMAND - ** Type r and a character to replace the character under the cursor. ** + ** Type rx to replace the character at the cursor with x . ** 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. 2. Move the cursor so that it is on top of the first error. - 3. Type r and then the character which should replace the error. + 3. Type r and then the character which should be there. - 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the first line is correct. + 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the first line is equal to the second one. ---> Whan this lime was tuoed in, someone presswd some wrojg keys! ---> When this line was typed in, someone pressed some wrong keys! 5. Now move on to Lesson 3.2. -NOTE: Remember that you should be learning by use, not memorization. +NOTE: Remember that you should be learning by doing, not memorization. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 3.3: THE CHANGE COMMAND + Lesson 3.3: THE CHANGE OPERATOR - ** To change part or all of a word, type cw . ** + ** To change until the end of a word, type ce . ** 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. - 2. Place the cursor on the u in lubw. + 2. Place the cursor on the u in lubw. - 3. Type cw and the correct word (in this case, type 'ine'.) + 3. Type ce and the correct word (in this case, type ine ). - 4. Press <ESC> and move to the next error (the first character to be changed.) + 4. Press <ESC> and move to the next character that needs to be changed. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the first sentence is the same as the second. ---> This lubw has a few wptfd that mrrf changing usf the change command. ---> This line has a few words that need changing using the change command. -Notice that cw not only replaces the word, but also places you in insert. +Notice that ce deletes the word and places you in Insert mode. @@ -346,70 +439,70 @@ Notice that cw not only replaces the word, but also places you in insert. Lesson 3.4: MORE CHANGES USING c - ** The change command is used with the same objects as delete. ** + ** The change command is used with the same motions as delete. ** - 1. The change command works in the same way as delete. The format is: + 1. The change operator works in the same way as delete. The format is: - [number] c object OR c [number] object + c [number] motion - 2. The objects are also the same, such as w (word), $ (end of line), etc. + 2. The motions are the same, such as w (word) and $ (end of line). 3. Move to the first line below marked --->. 4. Move the cursor to the first error. - 5. Type c$ to make the rest of the line like the second and press <ESC>. + 5. Type c$ and type the rest of the line like the second and press <ESC>. ---> The end of this line needs some help to make it like the second. ---> The end of this line needs to be corrected using the c$ command. - +NOTE: You can use the Backspace key to correct mistakes while typing. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LESSON 3 SUMMARY - 1. To replace text that has already been deleted, type p . This Puts the + 1. To put back text that has just been deleted, type p . This puts the deleted text AFTER the cursor (if a line was deleted it will go on the line below the cursor). 2. To replace the character under the cursor, type r and then the - character which will replace the original. + character you want to have there. - 3. The change command allows you to change the specified object from the - cursor to the end of the object. eg. Type cw to change from the - cursor to the end of the word, c$ to change to the end of a line. + 3. The change operator allows you to change from the cursor to where the + motion takes you. eg. Type ce to change from the cursor to the end of + the word, c$ to change to the end of a line. 4. The format for change is: - [number] c object OR c [number] object + c [number] motion Now go on to the next lesson. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 4.1: LOCATION AND FILE STATUS + Lesson 4.1: CURSOR LOCATION AND FILE STATUS - - ** Type CTRL-g to show your location in the file and the file status. - Type SHIFT-G to move to a line in the file. ** + ** Type CTRL-G to show your location in the file and the file status. + Type G to move to a line in the file. ** Note: Read this entire lesson before executing any of the steps!! - 1. Hold down the Ctrl key and press g . A status line will appear at the - bottom of the page with the filename and the line you are on. Remember - the line number for Step 3. - - 2. Press shift-G to move you to the bottom of the file. + 1. Hold down the Ctrl key and press g . We call this CTRL-G. + A message will appear at the bottom of the page with the filename and the + position in the file. Remember the line number for Step 3. - 3. Type in the number of the line you were on and then shift-G. This will - return you to the line you were on when you first pressed Ctrl-g. - (When you type in the numbers, they will NOT be displayed on the screen.) +NOTE: You may see the cursor position in the lower right corner of the screen + This happens when the 'ruler' option is set (explained in lesson 6). - 4. If you feel confident to do this, execute steps 1 through 3. + 2. Press G to move you to the bottom of the file. + Type gg to move you to the start of the file. + 3. Type the number of the line you were on and then G . This will + return you to the line you were on when you first pressed CTRL-G. + 4. If you feel confident to do this, execute steps 1 through 3. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 4.2: THE SEARCH COMMAND @@ -423,16 +516,16 @@ Now go on to the next lesson. 2. Now type 'errroor' <ENTER>. This is the word you want to search for. 3. To search for the same phrase again, simply type n . - To search for the same phrase in the opposite direction, type Shift-N . + To search for the same phrase in the opposite direction, type N . - 4. If you want to search for a phrase in the backwards direction, use the - command ? instead of /. + 4. To search for a phrase in the backward direction, use ? instead of / . ----> "errroor" is not the way to spell error; errroor is an error. + 5. To go back to where you came from press CTRL-O (Keep Ctrl down while + pressing the letter o). Repeat to go back further. CTRL-I goes forward. +Note: "errroor" is not the way to spell error; errroor is an error. Note: When the search reaches the end of the file it will continue at the - start. - + start, unless the 'wrapscan' option has been reset. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 4.3: MATCHING PARENTHESES SEARCH @@ -444,21 +537,21 @@ Note: When the search reaches the end of the file it will continue at the 2. Now type the % character. - 3. The cursor should be on the matching parenthesis or bracket. + 3. The cursor will move to the matching parenthesis or bracket. - 4. Type % to move the cursor back to the first bracket (by matching). - ----> This ( is a test line with ('s, ['s ] and {'s } in it. )) + 4. Type % to move the cursor to the other matching bracket. -Note: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! + 5. Move the cursor to another (,),[,],{ or } and see what % does. +---> This ( is a test line with ('s, ['s ] and {'s } in it. )) +Note: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 4.4: A WAY TO CHANGE ERRORS + Lesson 4.4: THE SUBSTITUTE COMMAND ** Type :s/old/new/g to substitute 'new' for 'old'. ** @@ -466,43 +559,43 @@ Note: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. 2. Type :s/thee/the <ENTER> . Note that this command only changes the - first occurrence on the line. + first occurrence of "thee" in the line. - 3. Now type :s/thee/the/g meaning substitute globally on the line. - This changes all occurrences on the line. + 3. Now type :s/thee/the/g . Adding the g flag means to substitute + globally in the line, change all occurrences of "thee" in the line. ---> thee best time to see thee flowers is in thee spring. 4. To change every occurrence of a character string between two lines, - type :#,#s/old/new/g where #,# are the numbers of the two lines. - Type :%s/old/new/g to change every occurrence in the whole file. - - - + type :#,#s/old/new/g where #,# are the line numbers of the range + of lines where the subsitution is to be done. + Type :%s/old/new/g to change every occurrence in the whole file. + Type :%s/old/new/gc to find every occurrence in the whole file, + with a prompt wether to substitute or not. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LESSON 4 SUMMARY - 1. Ctrl-g displays your location in the file and the file status. - Shift-G moves to the end of the file. A line number followed - by Shift-G moves to that line number. + 1. CTRL-G displays your location in the file and the file status. + G moves to the end of the file. + number G moves to that line number. + gg moves to the first line. 2. Typing / followed by a phrase searches FORWARD for the phrase. Typing ? followed by a phrase searches BACKWARD for the phrase. After a search type n to find the next occurrence in the same direction - or Shift-N to search in the opposite direction. + or N to search in the opposite direction. + CTRL-O takes you back to older positions, CTRL-I to newer positions. - 3. Typing % while the cursor is on a (,),[,],{, or } locates its - matching pair. + 3. Typing % while the cursor is on a (,),[,],{, or } goes to its match. - 4. To substitute new for the first old on a line type :s/old/new + 4. To substitute new for the first old in a line type :s/old/new To substitute new for all 'old's on a line type :s/old/new/g To substitute phrases between two line #'s type :#,#s/old/new/g To substitute all occurrences in the file type :%s/old/new/g To ask for confirmation each time add 'c' :%s/old/new/gc - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 5.1: HOW TO EXECUTE AN EXTERNAL COMMAND @@ -510,27 +603,27 @@ Note: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! ** Type :! followed by an external command to execute that command. ** 1. Type the familiar command : to set the cursor at the bottom of the - screen. This allows you to enter a command. + screen. This allows you to enter a command-line command. 2. Now type the ! (exclamation point) character. This allows you to execute any external shell command. 3. As an example type ls following the ! and then hit <ENTER>. This will show you a listing of your directory, just as if you were at the - shell prompt. Or use :!dir if ls doesn't work. + shell prompt. Or use :!dir if ls doesn't work. -Note: It is possible to execute any external command this way. +Note: It is possible to execute any external command this way, also with + arguments. Note: All : commands must be finished by hitting <ENTER> - - + From here one we will not always mention it. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 5.2: MORE ON WRITING FILES - ** To save the changes made to the file, type :w FILENAME. ** + ** To save the changes made to the text, type :w FILENAME. ** 1. Type :!dir or :!ls to get a listing of your directory. You already know you must hit <ENTER> after this. @@ -539,10 +632,10 @@ Note: All : commands must be finished by hitting <ENTER> 3. Now type: :w TEST (where TEST is the filename you chose.) - 4. This saves the whole file (Vim Tutor) under the name TEST. - To verify this, type :!dir again to see your directory + 4. This saves the whole file (the Vim Tutor) under the name TEST. + To verify this, type :!dir or :!ls again to see your directory. -Note: If you were to exit Vim and enter again with the filename TEST, the file +Note: If you were to exit Vim and start it again with vim TEST , the file would be an exact copy of the tutor when you saved it. 5. Now remove the file by typing (MS-DOS): :!del TEST @@ -550,49 +643,49 @@ Note: If you were to exit Vim and enter again with the filename TEST, the file ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 5.3: A SELECTIVE WRITE COMMAND - + Lesson 5.3: SELECTING TEXT TO WRITE - ** To save part of the file, type :#,# w FILENAME ** - 1. Once again, type :!dir or :!ls to obtain a listing of your directory - and choose a suitable filename such as TEST. + ** To save part of the file, type v motion :w FILENAME ** - 2. Move the cursor to the top of this page and type Ctrl-g to find the - number of that line. REMEMBER THIS NUMBER! + 1. Move the cursor to this line. - 3. Now move to the bottom of the page and type Ctrl-g again. REMEMBER THIS - LINE NUMBER ALSO! + 2. Press v and move the cursor to the fifth item below. Notice that the + text is highlighted. - 4. To save ONLY a section to a file, type :#,# w TEST where #,# are - the two numbers you remembered (top,bottom) and TEST is your filename. - - 5. Again, see that the file is there with :!dir but DO NOT remove it. + 3. Press the : character. At the bottom of the screen :'<,'> will appear. + 4. Type w TEST , where TEST is a filename that does not exist yet. Verify + that you see :'<,'>w TEST before you press Enter. + 5. Vim will write the selected lines to the file TEST. Use :!dir or !ls + to see it. Do not remove it yet! We will use it in the next lesson. +NOTE: Pressing v starts Visual selection. You can move the cursor around + to make the selection bigger or smaller. Then you can use an operator + to do something with the text. For example, d deletes the text. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lesson 5.4: RETRIEVING AND MERGING FILES - ** To insert the contents of a file, type :r FILENAME ** - - 1. Type :!dir to make sure your TEST filename is present from before. + ** To insert the contents of a file, type :r FILENAME ** - 2. Place the cursor at the top of this page. + 1. Place the cursor just above this line. -NOTE: After executing Step 3 you will see Lesson 5.3. Then move DOWN to - this lesson again. +NOTE: After executing Step 2 you will see text from Lesson 5.3. Then move + DOWN to see this lesson again. - 3. Now retrieve your TEST file using the command :r TEST where TEST is - the name of the file. + 2. Now retrieve your TEST file using the command :r TEST where TEST is + the name of the file you used. + The file you retrieve is placed below the cursor line. -NOTE: The file you retrieve is placed starting where the cursor is located. - - 4. To verify that a file was retrieved, cursor back and notice that there + 3. To verify that a file was retrieved, cursor back and notice that there are now two copies of Lesson 5.3, the original and the file version. +NOTE: You can also read the output of an external command. For example, + :r !ls reads the output of the ls command and puts it below the + cursor. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -608,14 +701,14 @@ NOTE: The file you retrieve is placed starting where the cursor is located. 2. :w FILENAME writes the current Vim file to disk with name FILENAME. - 3. :#,#w FILENAME saves the lines # through # in file FILENAME. - - 4. :r FILENAME retrieves disk file FILENAME and inserts it into the - current file following the cursor position. - - + 3. v motion :w FILENAME saves the Visually selected lines in file + FILENAME. + 4. :r FILENAME retrieves disk file FILENAME and puts it below the + cursor position. + 5. :r !dir reads the output of the dir command and puts it below the + cursor position ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -626,17 +719,17 @@ NOTE: The file you retrieve is placed starting where the cursor is located. 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. - 2. Type o (lowercase) to open up a line BELOW the cursor and place you in - Insert mode. + 2. Type the lowercase letter o to open up a line BELOW the cursor and place + you in Insert mode. - 3. Now copy the line marked ---> and press <ESC> to exit Insert mode. + 3. Now type some text and press <ESC> to exit Insert mode. ---> After typing o the cursor is placed on the open line in Insert mode. 4. To open up a line ABOVE the cursor, simply type a capital O , rather than a lowercase o. Try this on the line below. -Open up a line above this by typing Shift-O while the cursor is on this line. +---> Open up a line above this by typing O while the cursor is on this line. @@ -647,94 +740,117 @@ Open up a line above this by typing Shift-O while the cursor is on this line. ** Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. ** - 1. Move the cursor to the end of the first line below marked ---> by - typing $ in Normal mode. + 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line below marked --->. + + 2. Press e until the cursor is on the end of li . - 2. Type an a (lowercase) to append text AFTER the character under the - cursor. (Uppercase A appends to the end of the line.) + 3. Type an a (lowercase) to append text AFTER the cursor. -Note: This avoids typing i , the last character, the text to insert, <ESC>, - cursor-right, and finally, x , just to append to the end of a line! - - 3. Now complete the first line. Note also that append is exactly the same - as Insert mode, except for the location where text is inserted. - ----> This line will allow you to practice ----> This line will allow you to practice appending text to the end of a line. + 4. Complete the word like the line below it. Press <ESC> to exit Insert + mode. + 5. Use e to move to the next incomplete word and repeat steps 3 and 4. + +---> This li will allow you to pract appendi text to a line. +---> This line will allow you to practice appending text to a line. +Note: a, i and A all go to the same Insert mode, the only difference is where + the characters are inserted. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 6.3: ANOTHER VERSION OF REPLACE + Lesson 6.3: ANOTHER WAY TO REPLACE ** Type a capital R to replace more than one character. ** - 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. Move the cursor to + the beginning of the first xxx . - 2. Place the cursor at the beginning of the first word that is different - from the second line marked ---> (the word 'last'). + 2. Now press R and type the number below it in the second line, so that it + replaces the xxx . - 3. Now type R and replace the remainder of the text on the first line by - typing over the old text to make the first line the same as the second. + 3. Press <ESC> to leave Replace mode. Notice that the rest of the line + remains unmodified. ----> To make the first line the same as the last on this page use the keys. ----> To make the first line the same as the second, type R and the new text. + 5. Repeat the steps to replace the remaining xxx. - 4. Note that when you press <ESC> to exit, any unaltered text remains. +---> Adding 123 to xxx gives you xxx. +---> Adding 123 to 456 gives you 579. +NOTE: Replace mode is like Insert mode, but every typed character deletes an + existing character. +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 6.4: COPY AND PASTE TEXT + ** use the y operator to copy text and p to paste it ** -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Lesson 6.4: SET OPTION + 1. Go to the line marked with ---> below and place the cursor after "a)". + + 2. Start Visual mode with v and move the cursor to just before "first". + + 3. Type y to yank (copy) the highlighted text. - ** Set an option so a search or substitute ignores case ** + 4. Move the cursor to the end of the next line: j$ - 1. Search for 'ignore' by entering: - /ignore - Repeat several times by hitting the n key + 5. Type p to put (paste) the text. Then type: a second <ESC> . - 2. Set the 'ic' (Ignore case) option by typing: - :set ic + 6. Use Visual mode to select " item.", yank it with y , move to the end of + the next line with j$ and put the text there with p . - 3. Now search for 'ignore' again by entering: n - Repeat search several more times by hitting the n key +---> a) this is the first item. + b) - 4. Set the 'hlsearch' and 'incsearch' options: - :set hls is + Note: you can also use y as an operator; yw yanks one word. +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 6.5: SET OPTION - 5. Now enter the search command again, and see what happens: - /ignore - 6. To remove the highlighting of matches, type: - :nohlsearch -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - LESSON 6 SUMMARY + ** Set an option so a search or substitute ignores case ** + 1. Search for 'ignore' by entering: /ignore <ENTER> + Repeat several times by pressing n . - 1. Typing o opens a line BELOW the cursor and places the cursor on the open - line in Insert mode. - Typing a capital O opens the line ABOVE the line the cursor is on. + 2. Set the 'ic' (Ignore case) option by entering: :set ic - 2. Type an a to insert text AFTER the character the cursor is on. - Typing a capital A automatically appends text to the end of the line. + 3. Now search for 'ignore' again by pressing n + Notice that Ignore and IGNORE are now also found. - 3. Typing a capital R enters Replace mode until <ESC> is pressed to exit. + 4. Set the 'hlsearch' and 'incsearch' options: :set hls is - 4. Typing ":set xxx" sets the option "xxx" + 5. Now type the search command again and see what happens: /ignore <ENTER> + 6. To disable ignoring case enter: :set noic +Note: To remove the highlighting of matches enter: :nohlsearch +Note: If you want to ignore case for just one search command, use \c + in the phrase: /ignore\c <ENTER> +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + LESSON 6 SUMMARY + 1. Type o to open a line BELOW the cursor and start Insert mode. + Type O to open a line ABOVE the cursor. + 2. Type a to insert text AFTER the cursor. + Type A to insert text after the end of the line. + 3. The e command moves to the end of a word. + 4. The y operator yanks (copies) text, p puts (pastes) it. + 5. Typing a capital R enters Replace mode until <ESC> is pressed. + 6. Typing ":set xxx" sets the option "xxx". Some options are: + 'ic' 'ignorecase' ignore upper/lower case when searching + 'is' 'incsearch' show partial matches for a search phrase + 'hls' 'hlsearch' highlight all matching phrases + You can either use the long or the short option name. + + 7. Prepend "no" to switch an option off: :set noic ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - LESSON 7: ON-LINE HELP COMMANDS + LESSON 7.1: GETTING HELP ** Use the on-line help system ** @@ -745,39 +861,85 @@ Note: This avoids typing i , the last character, the text to insert, <ESC>, - press the <F1> key (if you have one) - type :help <ENTER> - Type :q <ENTER> to close the help window. + Read the text in the help window to find out how the help works. + type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump from one window to another + Type :q <ENTER> to close the help window. You can find help on just about any subject, by giving an argument to the ":help" command. Try these (don't forget pressing <ENTER>): :help w - :help c_<T + :help c_CTRL-D :help insert-index :help user-manual - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - LESSON 8: CREATE A STARTUP SCRIPT + LESSON 7.2: CREATE A STARTUP SCRIPT - ** Switch on Vim features ** - Vim has many more features than Vi, but most of them are disabled by default. - To start using more features you have to create a "vimrc" file. + ** Enable Vim features ** - 1. Start editing the "vimrc" file, this depends on your system: - :edit ~/.vimrc for Unix - :edit $VIM/_vimrc for MS-Windows + Vim has many more features than Vi, but most of them are disabled by + default. To start using more features you have to create a "vimrc" file. - 2. Now read the example "vimrc" file text: + 1. Start editing the "vimrc" file. This depends on your system: + :e ~/.vimrc for Unix + :e $VIM/_vimrc for MS-Windows - :read $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim + 2. Now read the example "vimrc" file contents: + :r $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim 3. Write the file with: - - :write + :w The next time you start Vim it will use syntax highlighting. You can add all your preferred settings to this "vimrc" file. + For more information type :help vimrc-intro + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + LESSON 7.3: COMPLETION + + + ** Command line completion with CTRL-D and <TAB> ** + + 1. Make sure Vim is not in compatible mode: :set nocp + + 2. Look what files exist in the directory: :!ls or :!dir + + 3. Type the start of a command: :e + + 4. Press CTRL-D and Vim will show a list of commands that start with "e". + + 5. Press <TAB> and Vim will complete the command name to ":edit". + + 6. Now add a space and the start of an existing file name: :edit FIL + + 7. Press <TAB>. Vim will complete the name (if it is unique). + +NOTE: Completion works for many commands. Just try pressing CTRL-D and + <TAB>. It is especially useful for :help . + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + LESSON 7 SUMMARY + + + 1. Type :help or press <F1> or <Help> to open a help window. + + 2. Type :help cmd to find help on cmd . + + 3. Type CTRL-W CTRL-W to jump to another window + + 4. Type :q to close the help window + + 5. Create a vimrc startup script to keep your preferred settings. + + 6. When typing a : command, press CTRL-D to see possible completions. + Press <TAB> to use one completion. + + + + + + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |