path: root/it/appendix/files.xml

<!-- retain these comments for translator revision tracking -->
<!-- original version: 28672 -->


 <sect1 id="linuxdevices">
 <!-- <title>Linux Devices</title> -->
 <title>I device linux</title>
<para>

<!-- In Linux you have various special files in
<filename>/dev</filename>. These files are called device files. In
the Unix world accessing hardware is different.  There you have a
special file which actually runs a driver which in turn accesses the
hardware. The device file is an interface to the actual system
component. Files under <filename>/dev</filename> also behave
differently than ordinary files. Below are the most important device
files listed. -->

In Linux sotto <filename>/dev</filename> sono presenti diversi file
speciali, chiamati file di device. Nel mondo Unix si accede alle
periferiche in modo particolare: c'&egrave; un file speciale che in realt&agrave;
esegue un driver che a sua volta accede all'hardware. Il file di device
&egrave; un'interfaccia verso il componente reale del sistema. Inoltre i file
sotto <filename>/dev</filename> si comportano in modo diverso dai file
ordinari. Segue un elenco dei file di device pi&ugrave; significativi.

</para><para>

<!-- <informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>fd0</filename></entry>
  <entry>First Floppy Drive</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>fd1</filename></entry>
  <entry>Second Floppy Drive</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>hda</filename></entry>
  <entry>IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the first IDE port (Master)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdb</filename></entry>
  <entry>IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the first IDE port (Slave)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdc</filename></entry>
  <entry>IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the second IDE port (Master)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdd</filename></entry>
  <entry>IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the second IDE port (Slave)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hda1</filename></entry>
  <entry>First partition of the first IDE hard disk</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdd15</filename></entry>
  <entry>Fifteenth partition of the fourth IDE hard disk</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>sda</filename></entry>
  <entry>SCSI Hard disk with lowest SCSI ID (e.g. 0)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdb</filename></entry>
  <entry>SCSI Hard disk with next higher SCSI ID (e.g. 1)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdc</filename></entry>
  <entry>SCSI Hard disk with next higher SCSI ID (e.g. 2)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sda1</filename></entry>
  <entry>First partition of the first SCSI hard disk</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdd10</filename></entry>
  <entry>Tenth partition of the fourth SCSI hard disk</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>sr0</filename></entry>
  <entry>SCSI CD-ROM with the lowest SCSI ID</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sr1</filename></entry>
  <entry>SCSI CD-ROM with the next higher SCSI ID</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>ttyS0</filename></entry>
  <entry>Serial port 0, COM1 under MS-DOS</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>ttyS1</filename></entry>
  <entry>Serial port 1, COM2 under MS-DOS</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>psaux</filename></entry>
  <entry>PS/2 mouse device</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>gpmdata</filename></entry>
  <entry>Pseudo device, repeater data from GPM (mouse) daemon</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>cdrom</filename></entry>
  <entry>Symbolic link to the CD-ROM drive</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>mouse</filename></entry>
  <entry>Symbolic link to the mouse device file</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>null</filename></entry>
  <entry>Everything pointed to this device will disappear</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>zero</filename></entry>
  <entry>One can endlessly read zeros out of this device</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable> -->

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>fd0</filename></entry>
  <entry>Primo lettore di dischetti</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>fd1</filename></entry>
  <entry>Secondo lettore di dischetti</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>hda</filename></entry>
  <entry>Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla prima porta IDE (Master)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdb</filename></entry>
  <entry>Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla prima porta IDE (Slave)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdc</filename></entry>
  <entry>Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla seconda porta IDE (Master)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdd</filename></entry>
  <entry>Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla seconda porta IDE (Slave)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hda1</filename></entry>
  <entry>Prima partizione del primo disco fisso IDE</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdd15</filename></entry>
  <entry>Quindicesima partizione del quarto disco fisso IDE</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>sda</filename></entry>
  <entry>Il disco fisso SCSI con l'ID SCSI pi&ugrave; basso (p.e. 0)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdb</filename></entry>
  <entry>Il disco fisso SCSI con l'ID SCSI successivo (p.e. 1)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdc</filename></entry>
  <entry>Il disco fisso SCSI con l'ID SCSI ulteriore (p.e. 2)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sda1</filename></entry>
  <entry>Prima partizione del primo disco fisso SCSI</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdd10</filename></entry>
  <entry>Decima partizione del quarto disco fisso SCSI</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>sr0</filename></entry>
  <entry>Il lettore CD SCSI con l'ID SCSI pi&ugrave; basso</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sr1</filename></entry>
  <entry>Il lettore CD SCSI con l'ID SCSI successivo</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>ttyS0</filename></entry>
  <entry>Porta seriale 0, COM1 sotto MS-DOS</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>ttyS1</filename></entry>
  <entry>Porta seriale 1, COM2 sotto MS-DOS</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>psaux</filename></entry>
  <entry>Device del mouse PS/2</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>gpmdata</filename></entry>
  <entry>Pseudo device, usato dal demone GPM per ritrasmettere i dati del mouse</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>cdrom</filename></entry>
  <entry>Link simbolico al lettore CD</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>mouse</filename></entry>
  <entry>Link simbolico al file di device del mouse</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>null</filename></entry>
  <entry>Qualunque cosa trasmessa a questo device scomparir&agrave;</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>zero</filename></entry>
  <entry>Vi si possono leggere infiniti zero</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

</para>

  <sect2>
  <!-- <title>Setting Up Your Mouse</title> -->
  <title>Configurazione del mouse</title>
<para>

<!-- The mouse can be used in both the Linux console (with gpm) and the X window
environment. The two uses can be made compatible if the gpm repeater is used
to allow the signal to flow to the X server as shown: -->

Il mouse pu&ograve; essere utilizzato sia in console (con gpm) che in ambiente
X Window. Le due modalit&agrave; di utilizzo sono compatibili se si utilizza
il ripetitore di dati di gpm per permettere al segnale di passare
al server X, come mostrato di seguito:

<informalexample><screen>
mouse =&gt; /dev/psaux  =&gt; gpm =&gt; /dev/gpmdata -&gt; /dev/mouse =&gt; X
         /dev/ttyS0             (ripetitore)      (link simbolico)
         /dev/ttyS1
</screen></informalexample>

<!-- Set the repeater protocol to be raw (in <filename>/etc/gpm.conf</filename>) while
setting X to the original mouse protocol in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>
or <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename>. -->

Si imposti come "raw" il protocollo del ripetitore (in <filename>/etc/gpm.conf</filename>),
mentre in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> o
<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename> si imposti per X il protocollo
originario del mouse.

</para><para>

<!-- This approach to use gpm even in X has advantages when the mouse is
unplugged inadvertently.  Simply restarting gpm with -->

L'utilizzo di gpm anche in X si dimostra vantaggioso nel caso il mouse
venga inavvertitamente scollegato. Baster&agrave; semplicemente rilanciare
gpm con

<informalexample><screen>
# /etc/init.d/gpm restart
</screen></informalexample>

<!-- will re-connect the mouse in software without restarting X. -->

per riconnettere via software il mouse senza dover rilanciare X.

</para><para>

<!-- If gpm is disabled or not installed with some reason, make sure to set X to
read directly from the mouse device such as /dev/psaux. For details, refer
to the 3-Button Mouse mini-Howto at
<filename>/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/mini/3-Button-Mouse.gz</filename>,
<userinput>man gpm</userinput>,
<filename>/usr/share/doc/gpm/FAQ.gz</filename>, and
<ulink url="&url-xfree86;current/mouse.html">README.mouse</ulink>. -->

Se gpm &egrave; disabilitato, o per qualche ragione non &egrave; installato, ci si
assicuri di impostare X affinch&eacute; legga direttamente il device del mouse,
ad esempio /dev/psaux. Per dettagli si faccia riferimento al 3-Button
Mouse mini-Howto presso <filename>/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/mini/3-Button-Mouse.gz</filename>,
a <userinput>man gpm</userinput>, <filename>/usr/share/doc/gpm/FAQ.gz</filename> e
<ulink url="&url-xfree86;current/mouse.html">README.mouse</ulink>.

</para><para arch="powerpc">

<!-- For PowerPC, in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> or
<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename>, set the mouse device to
<userinput>"/dev/input/mice"</userinput>. -->

Per i PowerPC, si imposti il device del mouse come
<userinput>"/dev/input/mice"</userinput>, in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>
o <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename>.

</para><para arch="powerpc">

<!-- Modern kernels give you the capability to emulate a three-button mouse
when your mouse only has one button. Just add the following lines to
<filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> file. -->

I kernel attuali permettono di emulare un mouse a tre tasti con un mouse
ad un solo tasto. &Egrave; sufficiente aggiungere le righe seguenti al
file <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>.

<!-- <informalexample><screen>
# 3-button mouse emulation
# turn on emulation
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button_emulation = 1
# Send middle mouse button signal with the F11 key
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button2_keycode = 87
# Send right mouse button signal with the F12 key
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button3_keycode = 88
# For different keys, use showkey to tell you what the code is.
</screen></informalexample> -->

<informalexample><screen>
# Emulazione di mouse a 3 tasti
# attiva l'emulazione
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button_emulation = 1
# invia il segnale del tasto mediano con F11
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button2_keycode = 87
# invia il segnale del tasto di destra con F12
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button3_keycode = 88
# in caso si vogliano usare tasti diversi da F11 e F12, con
# showkey si possono ottenere i codici corrispondenti
</screen></informalexample>

</para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="tasksel-size-list">
 <!-- <title>Disk Space Needed for Tasks</title> -->
 <title>Spazio necessario per i task di tasksel</title>
<para>

<!-- The base installation for i386 using the default 2.4 kernel,
including all standard packages, requires 573MB of disk space. -->

L'installazione di base per i386 con il kernel 2.4 predefinito,
compresi tutti i pacchetti standard, richiede 573&nbsp;MB di spazio sul
disco fisso.

</para><para>

<!-- The following table lists sizes reported by aptitude for the tasks listed
in tasksel. Note that some tasks have overlapping constituents, so the
total installed size for two tasks together may be less than the total
obtained by adding up the numbers. -->

La tabella seguente elenca le dimensioni dei task proposti in tasksel, secondo
quanto riportato da aptitude. Si noti che alcuni task hanno dei componenti in
comune, per cui lo spazio realmente occupato da due task installati assieme
potrebbe essere minore della somma teorica.

</para><para>

<!-- Note that you will need to add the sizes listed in the table to the size
of the base installation when determining the size of partitions.
Most of the size listed as <quote>Installed size</quote> will end up in
<filename>/usr</filename>; the size listed as <quote>Download size</quote>
is (temporarily) required in <filename>/var</filename>. -->

Si noti che &egrave; necessario aggiungere dello spazio rispetto a quanto
indicato nella tabella come spazio minimo nel momento in cui si definisce
la dimensione delle partizioni. La maggior parte delle dimensioni elencate
come <quote>Dimensione installazione</quote> va a finire all'interno
di <filename>/usr</filename>; le dimensioni elencate come <quote>Dimensione
download</quote> devono essere (temporaneamente) disponibili in
<filename>/var</filename>.

</para><para>

<!-- <informaltable><tgroup cols="4">
<thead>
<row>
  <entry>Task</entry>
  <entry>Installed size (MB)</entry>
  <entry>Download size (MB)</entry>
  <entry>Space needed to install (MB)</entry>
</row>
</thead>

<tbody>
<row>
  <entry>Desktop</entry>
  <entry>1392</entry>
  <entry>460</entry>
  <entry>1852</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Web server</entry>
  <entry>36</entry>
  <entry>12</entry>
  <entry>48</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Print server</entry>
  <entry>168</entry>
  <entry>58</entry>
  <entry>226</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>DNS server</entry>
  <entry>2</entry>
  <entry>1</entry>
  <entry>3</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>File server</entry>
  <entry>47</entry>
  <entry>24</entry>
  <entry>71</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Mail server</entry>
  <entry>10</entry>
  <entry>3</entry>
  <entry>13</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>SQL database</entry>
  <entry>66</entry>
  <entry>21</entry>
  <entry>87</entry>
</row>

</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable> -->

<informaltable><tgroup cols="4">
<thead>
<row>
  <entry>Task</entry>
  <entry>Dimensione installazione (MB)</entry>
  <entry>Dimensione download (MB)</entry>
  <entry>Spazio necessario all'installazione (MB)</entry>
</row>
</thead>

<tbody>
<row>
  <entry>Desktop</entry>
  <entry>1392</entry>
  <entry>460</entry>
  <entry>1852</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Web server</entry>
  <entry>36</entry>
  <entry>12</entry>
  <entry>48</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Print server</entry>
  <entry>168</entry>
  <entry>58</entry>
  <entry>226</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>DNS server</entry>
  <entry>2</entry>
  <entry>1</entry>
  <entry>3</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>File server</entry>
  <entry>47</entry>
  <entry>24</entry>
  <entry>71</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Mail server</entry>
  <entry>10</entry>
  <entry>3</entry>
  <entry>13</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>SQL database</entry>
  <entry>66</entry>
  <entry>21</entry>
  <entry>87</entry>
</row>

</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>

<note><para>

<!-- The <emphasis>Desktop</emphasis> task will install both the Gnome and KDE
desktop environments. -->

Il task <emphasis>Desktop</emphasis> installa sia l'ambiente desktop GNOME
che KDE.

</para></note>

</para><para>

<!-- If you install in a language other than English, <command>tasksel</command>
may automatically install a <firstterm>localization task</firstterm>, if one
is available for your language. Space requirements differ per language;
you should allow up to 200MB in total for download and installation. -->

Se l'installazione avviene in una lingua diversa dall'inglese,
<command>tasksel</command> potrebbe installare automaticamente un
<firstterm>localization task</firstterm> se &egrave; disponibile per la propria
lingua. Lo spazio richiesto varia a seconda della lingua; potrebbe essere
necessari altri 200&nbsp;MB per il download e l'installazione di questo
task.

</para>
 </sect1>