path: root/it/appendix/files.xml

<!-- retain these comments for translator revision tracking -->
<!-- original version: 43841 -->


 <sect1 id="linuxdevices">
 <!-- <title>Linux Devices</title> -->
 <title>I device linux</title>
<para>

<!--
In Linux various special files can be found under the directory
<filename>/dev</filename>. These files are called device files and
behave unlike ordinary files. The most common types of device files
are for block devices and character devices. These files are an
interface to the actual driver (part of the Linux kernel) which in
turn accesses the hardware. Another, less common, type of device file
is the named <firstterm>pipe</firstterm>.
The most important device files are listed in the tables below.
-->

In Linux, all'interno della directory <filename>/dev</filename>, sono
presenti diversi file speciali, chiamati file di device, che si comportano
in modo diverso dai file normali. I tipi più comuni di file di device sono
per i device a blocchi e per i device a caratteri. Questo tipo di file sono
un'interfaccia per i driver (che fanno parte del kernel Linux) che si
occupano del reale accesso all'hardware. Un altro tipo di device, meno
comune, sono i file <firstterm>pipe</firstterm>. I file di device più
significativi sono elencati nella seguente tabella.

</para><para>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>fd0</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- First Floppy Drive -->Primo lettore di dischetti</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>fd1</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Second Floppy Drive -->Secondo lettore di dischetti</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>hda</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the first IDE port (Master) -->
  Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla prima porta IDE (Master)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdb</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the first IDE port (Slave) -->
  Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla prima porta IDE (Slave)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdc</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the second IDE port (Master) -->
  Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla seconda porta IDE (Master)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdd</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the second IDE port (Slave) -->
  Disco fisso o lettore CD IDE presente sulla seconda porta IDE (Slave)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hda1</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- First partition of the first IDE hard disk -->
  Prima partizione del primo disco fisso IDE</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>hdd15</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Fifteenth partition of the fourth IDE hard disk -->
  Quindicesima partizione del primo disco fisso IDE</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>sda</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- SCSI Hard disk with lowest SCSI ID (e.g. 0) -->
  Il disco fisso SCSI con l'ID SCSI più basso (p.e. 0)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdb</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- SCSI Hard disk with next higher SCSI ID (e.g. 1) -->
  Il disco fisso SCSI con l'ID SCSI successivo (p.e. 1)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdc</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- SCSI Hard disk with next higher SCSI ID (e.g. 2) -->
  Il disco fisso SCSI con l'ID SCSI ulteriore (p.e. 2)</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sda1</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- First partition of the first SCSI hard disk -->
  Prima partizione del primo disco fisso SCSI</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sdd10</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Tenth partition of the fourth SCSI hard disk -->
  Decima partizione del primo disco fisso SCSI</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>sr0</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- SCSI CD-ROM with the lowest SCSI ID -->
  Il lettore CD SCSI con l'ID SCSI più basso</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>sr1</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- SCSI CD-ROM with the next higher SCSI ID -->
  Il lettore CD SCSI con l'ID SCSI successivo</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>ttyS0</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Serial port 0, COM1 under MS-DOS -->
  Porta seriale 0, COM1 sotto MS-DOS</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>ttyS1</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Serial port 1, COM2 under MS-DOS -->
  Porta seriale 1, COM2 sotto MS-DOS</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>psaux</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- PS/2 mouse device -->
  Device del mouse PS/2</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>gpmdata</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Pseudo device, repeater data from GPM (mouse) daemon -->
  Pseudo device, usato dal demone GPM per ritrasmettere i dati del mouse</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>cdrom</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Symbolic link to the CD-ROM drive -->
  Link simbolico al lettore CD</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>mouse</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Symbolic link to the mouse device file -->
  Link simbolico al file di device del mouse</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><tbody>
<row>
  <entry><filename>null</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- Anything written to this device will disappear -->
  Qualunque cosa scritta su questo device scomparirà</entry>
</row><row>
  <entry><filename>zero</filename></entry>
  <entry><!-- One can endlessly read zeros out of this device -->
  Vi si possono leggere infiniti zero</entry>
</row>
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>

</para>

  <sect2>
  <!-- <title>Setting Up Your Mouse</title> -->
  <title>Configurazione del mouse</title>
<para>

<!--
The mouse can be used in both the Linux console (with gpm) and the X window
environment. The two uses can be made compatible if the gpm repeater is used
to allow the signal to flow to the X server as shown:
-->

Il mouse può essere utilizzato sia in console (con gpm) che in ambiente
X Window. Le due modalità di utilizzo sono compatibili se si utilizza
il ripetitore di dati di gpm per permettere al segnale di passare
al server X, come mostrato di seguito:

<informalexample><screen>
mouse =&gt; /dev/psaux  =&gt; gpm =&gt; /dev/gpmdata -&gt; /dev/mouse =&gt; X
         /dev/ttyS0             (ripetitore)      (link simbolico)
         /dev/ttyS1
</screen></informalexample>

<!--
Set the repeater protocol to be raw (in <filename>/etc/gpm.conf</filename>) while
setting X to the original mouse protocol in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>
or <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename>.
-->

Si imposti come "raw" il protocollo del ripetitore (in
<filename>/etc/gpm.conf</filename>), mentre in
<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> o
<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename> si imposti per X il protocollo
originario del mouse.

</para><para>

<!--
This approach to use gpm even in X has advantages when the mouse is
unplugged inadvertently.  Simply restarting gpm with
-->

L'utilizzo di gpm anche in X si dimostra vantaggioso nel caso il mouse
venga inavvertitamente scollegato. Basterà semplicemente rilanciare
gpm con

<informalexample><screen>
# /etc/init.d/gpm restart
</screen></informalexample>

<!--
will re-connect the mouse in software without restarting X.
-->

per riconnettere via software il mouse senza dover rilanciare X.

</para><para>

<!--
If gpm is disabled or not installed for some reason, make sure to set X to
read directly from a mouse device such as /dev/psaux. For details, refer
to the 3-Button Mouse mini-Howto at
<filename>/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/mini/3-Button-Mouse.gz</filename>,
<userinput>man gpm</userinput>,
<filename>/usr/share/doc/gpm/FAQ.gz</filename>, and
<ulink url="&url-xorg;current/doc/html/mouse.html">README.mouse</ulink>.
-->

Se gpm è disattivato, o per qualche ragione non è installato, assicurarsi di
impostare X affinché legga direttamente da un device del mouse, per esempio
/dev/psaux. Per dettagli si faccia riferimento al 3-Button Mouse mini-Howto
(<filename>/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/mini/3-Button-Mouse.gz</filename>), a
<userinput>man gpm</userinput>, <filename>/usr/share/doc/gpm/FAQ.gz</filename>
e <ulink url="&url-xorg;current/doc/html/mouse.html">README.mouse</ulink>.

</para><para arch="powerpc">

<!--
For PowerPC, in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> or
<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename>, set the mouse device to
<userinput>"/dev/input/mice"</userinput>.
-->

Per i PowerPC, si imposti il device del mouse come
<userinput>"/dev/input/mice"</userinput>, in
<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> o
<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config-4</filename>.

</para><para arch="powerpc">

<!--
Modern kernels give you the capability to emulate a three-button mouse
when your mouse only has one button. Just add the following lines to
<filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> file.
-->

I kernel attuali permettono di emulare un mouse a tre tasti con un mouse
ad un solo tasto. È sufficiente aggiungere le righe seguenti al
file <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>.

<!--
<informalexample><screen>
# 3-button mouse emulation
# turn on emulation
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button_emulation = 1
# Send middle mouse button signal with the F11 key
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button2_keycode = 87
# Send right mouse button signal with the F12 key
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button3_keycode = 88
# For different keys, use showkey to tell you what the code is.
</screen></informalexample>
-->

<informalexample><screen>
# Emulazione di mouse a 3 tasti
# attiva l'emulazione
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button_emulation = 1
# invia il segnale del tasto mediano con F11
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button2_keycode = 87
# invia il segnale del tasto di destra con F12
/dev/mac_hid/mouse_button3_keycode = 88
# in caso si vogliano usare tasti diversi da F11 e F12, con
# showkey si possono ottenere i codici corrispondenti
</screen></informalexample>

</para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="tasksel-size-list">
 <!-- <title>Disk Space Needed for Tasks</title> -->
 <title>Spazio su disco necessario per i task</title>

<!-- Note for d-i and manual maintainers
 Sizes of tasks should be determined by running tasksel with the "new-install"
 option on a system that been fully installed without selecting any tasks. By
 selecting a task together with the "manual selection" option, aptitude will
 be started and show the sizes for the task. Use "cancel pending actions" to
 clear the slate, quit aptitude and repeat for other tasks.
 Space requirements need to be determined from tasksel as tasksel will not
 install recommended packages while selecting a task from aptitude will.

 The size for the minimal base system should be determined after running
 'aptitude clean' using 'du -hsx /'. After that the "Standard system" task
 should be installed after which the size of the standard system should be
 determined using the same method.
-->

<para>

<!--
A standard installation for the i386 architecture, including all standard
packages and using the default 2.6 kernel, takes up 442MB of disk space.
A minimal base installation, without the <quote>Standard system</quote>
task selected, will take 230MB.
-->

L'installazione standard sull'architettura i386, compresi tutti i pacchetti
standard e il kernel 2.6 predefinito, richiede 442&nbsp;MB di spazio su
disco. L'installazione di base minimale, senza il task <quote>Sistema
standard</quote>, richiede 230&nbsp;MB.

</para>
<important><para>

<!--
In both cases this is the actual disk space used <emphasis>after</emphasis>
the installation is finished and any temporary files deleted. It also does
not take into account overhead used by the file system, for example for
journal files. This means that significantly more disk space is needed both
<emphasis>during</emphasis> the installation and for normal system use.
-->

In entrambi i casi è lo spazio su disco effettivamente usato
<emphasis>dopo</emphasis> aver finito l'installazione e aver rimosso
qualsiasi file temporaneo. Inoltre non tiene conto del carico dovuto ai
file di sistema, per esempio i file di giornale. Questo vuol dire che è
necessaria una quantità di spazio su disco significativamente superiore
<emphasis>durante</emphasis> l'installazione e il normale uso del sistema.

</para></important>
<para>


<!--
The following table lists sizes reported by aptitude for the tasks listed
in tasksel. Note that some tasks have overlapping constituents, so the
total installed size for two tasks together may be less than the total
obtained by adding up the numbers.
-->

La tabella seguente elenca le dimensioni dei task proposti in tasksel, secondo
quanto riportato da aptitude. Si noti che alcuni task hanno dei componenti in
comune, per cui lo spazio realmente occupato da due task installati assieme
potrebbe essere minore della somma teorica.

</para><para>

<!--
Note that you will need to add the sizes listed in the table to the size
of the standard installation when determining the size of partitions.
Most of the size listed as <quote>Installed size</quote> will end up in
<filename>/usr</filename> and in <filename>/lib</filename>;
the size listed as <quote>Download size</quote>
is (temporarily) required in <filename>/var</filename>.
-->

Si noti che è necessario aggiungere dello spazio rispetto a quanto
indicato nella tabella come spazio minimo nel momento in cui si definisce
la dimensione delle partizioni. La maggior parte delle dimensioni elencate
come <quote>Dimensione installazione</quote> va a finire all'interno
di <filename>/usr</filename> e di <filename>/lib</filename>; le dimensioni
elencate come <quote>Dimensione download</quote> devono essere
(temporaneamente) disponibili in <filename>/var</filename>.

</para><para>

<informaltable><tgroup cols="4">
<thead>
<row>
  <entry><!-- Task -->Task</entry>
  <entry><!-- Installed size (MB) -->Dimensione installazione (MB)</entry>
  <entry><!-- Download size (MB) -->Dimensione download (MB)</entry>
  <entry><!-- Space needed to install (MB) -->Spazio necessario
  all'installazione (MB)</entry>
</row>
</thead>

<tbody>
<row>
  <entry><!-- Desktop environment -->Ambiente desktop</entry>
  <entry>1267</entry>
  <entry>420</entry>
  <entry>1667</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Laptop<footnote>

  <para>

<!--
  There is a large overlap of the Laptop task with the Destop environment task.
  If you install both, the Laptop task will only require a few MB additional
  disk space.
-->

  I task Laptop e Ambiente desktop si assomigliano molto. Installandoli
  entrambi, il task Laptop richiede solo pochi MB di spazio su disco in più.

  </para>

  </footnote></entry>
  <entry>50</entry>
  <entry>17</entry>
  <entry>67</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Web server</entry>
  <entry>35</entry>
  <entry>11</entry>
  <entry>46</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Print server</entry>
  <entry>277</entry>
  <entry>79</entry>
  <entry>356</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>DNS server</entry>
  <entry>2</entry>
  <entry>1</entry>
  <entry>3</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>File server</entry>
  <entry>49</entry>
  <entry>21</entry>
  <entry>70</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>Mail server</entry>
  <entry>13</entry>
  <entry>5</entry>
  <entry>18</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>SQL database</entry>
  <entry>24</entry>
  <entry>8</entry>
  <entry>32</entry>
</row>

</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>

<note><para>

<!--
The <emphasis>Desktop</emphasis> task will install the GNOME desktop
environment.
-->

Il task <emphasis>Desktop</emphasis> installa l'ambiente desktop GNOME.

</para></note>

</para><para>

<!--
If you install in a language other than English, <command>tasksel</command>
may automatically install a <firstterm>localization task</firstterm>, if one
is available for your language. Space requirements differ per language;
you should allow up to 350MB in total for download and installation. 
-->

Se l'installazione avviene in una lingua diversa dall'inglese,
<command>tasksel</command> potrebbe installare automaticamente un
<firstterm>localization task</firstterm> se disponibile per la lingua
in uso. Lo spazio richiesto varia a seconda della lingua; potrebbero essere
necessari altri 350&nbsp;MB per il download e l'installazione di questo
task.

</para>
 </sect1>