path: root/en/boot-new/boot-new.xml

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<chapter id="boot-new">
 <title>Booting Into Your New Debian System</title>

 <sect1 id="base-boot"><title>The Moment of Truth</title>
<para>

Your system's first boot on its own power is what electrical engineers
call the <quote>smoke test</quote>.

</para><para>

If you are booting directly into Debian, and the system doesn't start
up, either use your original installation boot media, or insert the
custom boot floppy if you have one, and reset your system.  This way,
you will probably need to add some boot arguments like
<userinput>root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></userinput>, where
<replaceable>root</replaceable> is your root partition, such as
<filename>/dev/sda1</filename>.
Alternatively, see <xref linkend="rescue"/> for instructions on using
the installer's built-in rescue mode.

</para>

  <sect2 arch="m68k"><title>BVME 6000 Booting</title>
<para>

If you have just performed a diskless install on a BVM or Motorola
VMEbus machine: once the system has loaded the
<command>tftplilo</command> program from the TFTP server, from the
<prompt>LILO Boot:</prompt> prompt enter one of:

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>

<userinput>b6000</userinput> followed by &enterkey;
to boot a BVME 4000/6000

</para></listitem><listitem><para>

<userinput>b162</userinput> followed by &enterkey;
to boot an MVME162

</para></listitem><listitem><para>

<userinput>b167</userinput> followed by &enterkey;
to boot an MVME166/167

</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</para>

   </sect2>

  <sect2 arch="m68k"><title>Macintosh Booting</title>

<para>

Go to the directory containing the installation files and start up the
<command>Penguin</command> booter, holding down the
<keycap>command</keycap> key.  Go to the
<userinput>Settings</userinput> dialogue (<keycombo>
<keycap>command</keycap> <keycap>T</keycap> </keycombo>), and locate
the kernel options line which should look like
<userinput>root=/dev/ram video=font:VGA8x16</userinput> or similar.

</para><para>

You need to change the entry to
<userinput>root=/dev/<replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></userinput>.
Replace the <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable> with the Linux name of the
partition onto which you installed the system
(e.g. <filename>/dev/sda1</filename>); you wrote this down earlier.
The <userinput>video=font:VGA8x8</userinput> is recommended especially
for users with tiny screens. The kernel would pick a prettier (6x11)
font but the console driver for this font can hang the machine, so
using 8x16 or 8x8 is safer at this stage.  You can change this at any
time.

</para><para>

If you don't want to start GNU/Linux immediately each time you start,
uncheck the <userinput>Auto Boot</userinput> option. Save your
settings in the <filename>Prefs</filename> file using the
<userinput>Save Settings As Default</userinput> option.

</para><para>

Now select <userinput>Boot Now</userinput> (<keycombo>
<keycap>command</keycap> <keycap>B</keycap> </keycombo>) to start your
freshly installed GNU/Linux instead of the RAMdisk installer system.

</para><para>

Debian should boot, and you should see the same messages as
when you first booted the installation system, followed by some new
messages.

</para>
   </sect2>


  <sect2 arch="powerpc"><title>OldWorld PowerMacs</title>
<para>

If the machine fails to boot after completing the installation, and
stops with a <prompt>boot:</prompt> prompt, try typing
<userinput>Linux</userinput> followed by &enterkey;. (The default boot
configuration in <filename>quik.conf</filename> is labeled Linux). The
labels defined in <filename>quik.conf</filename> will be displayed if
you press the <keycap>Tab</keycap> key at the <prompt>boot:</prompt>
prompt. You can also try booting back into the installer, and editing
the <filename>/target/etc/quik.conf</filename> placed there by the
<guimenuitem>Install Quik on a Hard Disk</guimenuitem> step. Clues
for dealing with <command>quik</command> are available at
<ulink url="&url-powerpc-quik-faq;"></ulink>.

</para><para>

To boot back into MacOS without resetting the nvram, type
<userinput>bye</userinput> at the OpenFirmware prompt (assuming MacOS
has not been removed from the machine). To obtain an OpenFirmware
prompt, hold down the <keycombo> <keycap>command</keycap>
<keycap>option</keycap> <keycap>o</keycap> <keycap>f</keycap>
</keycombo> keys while cold booting the machine. If you need to reset
the OpenFirmware nvram changes to the MacOS default in order to boot
back to MacOS, hold down the <keycombo> <keycap>command</keycap>
<keycap>option</keycap> <keycap>p</keycap> <keycap>r</keycap>
</keycombo> keys while cold booting the machine.

</para><para>

If you use <command>BootX</command> to boot into the installed system,
just select your desired kernel in the <filename>Linux
Kernels</filename> folder, un-choose the ramdisk option, and add
a root device corresponding to your installation;
e.g. <userinput>/dev/hda8</userinput>.

</para>
   </sect2>


  <sect2 arch="powerpc"><title>NewWorld PowerMacs</title>
<para>

On G4 machines and iBooks, you can hold down the
<keycap>option</keycap> key and get a graphical screen with a button
for each bootable OS, &debian; will be a button with a small penguin
icon.

</para><para>

If you kept MacOS and at some point it changes the OpenFirmware
<envar>boot-device</envar> variable you should reset OpenFirmware to
its default configuration.  To do this hold down the <keycombo>
<keycap>command</keycap> <keycap>option</keycap> <keycap>p</keycap>
<keycap>r</keycap> </keycombo> keys while cold booting the machine.

</para><para>

The labels defined in <filename>yaboot.conf</filename> will be
displayed if you press the <keycap>Tab</keycap> key at the
<prompt>boot:</prompt> prompt.

</para><para>

Resetting OpenFirmware on G3 or G4 hardware will cause it to boot
&debian; by default (if you correctly partitioned and placed the
Apple_Bootstrap partition first).  If you have &debian; on a SCSI disk
and MacOS on an IDE disk this may not work and you will have to enter
OpenFirmware and set the <envar>boot-device</envar> variable,
<command>ybin</command> normally does this automatically.

</para><para>

After you boot &debian; for the first time you can add any additional
options you desire (such as dual boot options) to
<filename>/etc/yaboot.conf</filename> and run <command>ybin</command>
to update your boot partition with the changed configuration.  Please
read the <ulink url="&url-powerpc-yaboot-faq;">yaboot HOWTO</ulink>
for more information.

</para>
   </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="mount-encrypted-volumes">
 <title>Mounting encrypted volumes</title>

<para>

If you created encrypted volumes during the installation and assigned
them mount points, you will be asked to enter the passphrase for each
of these volumes during the boot. The actual procedure differs
slightly between dm-crypt and loop-AES.

</para>

  <sect2 id="mount-dm-crypt">
  <title>dm-crypt</title>

<para>

For partitions encrypted using dm-crypt you will be shown the following
prompt during the boot:

<informalexample><screen>
Starting early crypto disks... crypt<replaceable>X</replaceable>(starting)
Enter LUKS passphrase:
</screen></informalexample>

In the first line of the prompt, <replaceable>X</replaceable> is the
number of the loop device. You are now probably wondering
<emphasis>for which volume</emphasis> you are actually entering the
passphrase. Does it relate to your <filename>/home</filename>? Or to
<filename>/var</filename>? Of course, if you have just one encrypted
volume, this is easy and you can just enter the passphrase you used
when setting up this volume. If you set up more than one encrypted
volume during the installation, the notes you wrote down as the last
step in <xref linkend="partman-crypto"/> come in handy. If you did not
make a note of the mapping between
<filename>crypt<replaceable>X</replaceable></filename> and the mount
points before, you can still find it
in <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename>
and <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> of your new system.

</para><para>

The prompt may look somewhat different when an encrypted root file system is
mounted. This depends on which initramfs generator was used to generate the
initrd used to boot the system. The example below is for an initrd generated
using <classname>initramfs-tools</classname>:

<informalexample><screen>
Begin: Mounting <emphasis>root file system</emphasis>... ...
Begin: Running /scripts/local-top ...
Enter LUKS passphrase:
</screen></informalexample>

</para><para>

No characters (even asterisks) will be shown while entering the passphrase.
If you enter the wrong passphrase, you have two more tries to correct it.
After the third try the boot process will skip this volume and continue to
mount the next filesystem. Please see <xref linkend="crypto-troubleshooting"/>
for further information.

</para><para>

After entering all passphrases the boot should continue as usual.

</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="mount-loop-aes">
  <title>loop-AES</title>

<para>

For partitions encrypted using loop-AES you will be shown the following
prompt during the boot:

<informalexample><screen>
Checking loop-encrypted file systems.
Setting up /dev/loop<replaceable>X</replaceable> (/<replaceable>mountpoint</replaceable>)
Password:
</screen></informalexample>

</para><para>

No characters (even asterisks) will be shown while entering the passphrase.
If you enter the wrong passphrase, you have two more tries to correct it.
After the third try the boot process will skip this volume and continue to
mount the next filesystem. Please see <xref linkend="crypto-troubleshooting"/>
for further information.

</para><para>

After entering all passphrases the boot should continue as usual.

</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="crypto-troubleshooting">
  <title>Troubleshooting</title>

<para>

If some of the encrypted volumes could not be mounted because a wrong
passphrase was entered, you will have to mount them manually after the
boot. There are several cases.

</para>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>

The first case concerns the root partition. When it is not mounted
correctly, the boot process will halt and you will have to reboot the
computer to try again.

</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>

The easiest case is for encrypted volumes holding data like
<filename>/home</filename> or <filename>/srv</filename>. You can
simply mount them manually after the boot. For loop-AES this is
one-step operation:

<informalexample><screen>
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount <replaceable>/mount_point</replaceable></userinput>
<prompt>Password:</prompt>
</screen></informalexample>

where <replaceable>/mount_point</replaceable> should be replaced by
the particular directory (e.g. <filename>/home</filename>). The only
difference from an ordinary mount is that you will be asked to enter
the passphrase for this volume.

</para><para>

For dm-crypt this is a bit trickier. First you need to register the
volumes with <application>device mapper</application> by running:

<informalexample><screen>
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>/etc/init.d/cryptdisks start</userinput>
</screen></informalexample>

This will scan all volumes mentioned
in <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> and will create appropriate
devices under the <filename>/dev</filename> directory after entering
the correct passphrases. (Already registered volumes will be skipped,
so you can repeat this command several times without worrying.) After
successful registration you can simply mount the volumes the usual
way:

<informalexample><screen>
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount <replaceable>/mount_point</replaceable></userinput>
</screen></informalexample>

</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>

If any volume holding noncritical system files could not be mounted
(<filename>/usr</filename> or <filename>/var</filename>), the system
should still boot and you should be able to mount the volumes manually
like in the previous case. However, you will also need to (re)start
any services usually running in your default runlevel because it is
very likely that they were not started. The easiest way to achieve
this is by switching to the first runlevel and back by entering

<informalexample><screen>
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>init 1</userinput>
</screen></informalexample>

at the shell prompt and pressing <keycombo> <keycap>Control</keycap>
<keycap>D</keycap> </keycombo> when asked for the root password.

</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="login">
 <title>Log In</title>

<para>

Once your system boots, you'll be presented with the login
prompt.  Log in using the personal login and password you
selected during the installation process. Your system is now ready to use.

</para><para>

If you are a new user, you may want to explore the documentation which
is already installed on your system as you start to use it. There are
currently several documentation systems, work is proceeding on
integrating the different types of documentation. Here are a few
starting points.

</para><para>

Documentation accompanying programs you have installed is in
<filename>/usr/share/doc/</filename>, under a subdirectory named after
the program.  For example, the APT User's Guide for using
<command>apt</command> to install other programs on your system, is
located in
<filename>/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html</filename>.

</para><para>


In addition, there are some special folders within the
<filename>/usr/share/doc/</filename> hierarchy. Linux HOWTOs are
installed in <emphasis>.gz</emphasis> format, in
<filename>/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/</filename>. After installing
<command>dhelp</command> you will find a browse-able index of
documentation in <filename>/usr/share/doc/HTML/index.html</filename>.

</para><para>

One easy way to view these documents is to <userinput>cd
/usr/share/doc/</userinput>, and type <userinput>lynx</userinput>
followed by a space and a dot (the dot stands for the current
directory).

</para><para>

You can also type <userinput>info
<replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput> or <userinput>man
<replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput> to see documentation on
most commands available at the command prompt. Typing
<userinput>help</userinput> will display help on shell commands. And
typing a command followed by <userinput>--help</userinput> will
usually display a short summary of the command's usage. If a command's
results scroll past the top of the screen, type <userinput>|
more</userinput> after the command to cause the results to pause
before scrolling past the top of the screen. To see a list of all
commands available which begin with a certain letter, type the letter
and then two tabs.

</para><para>

For a more complete introduction to Debian and GNU/Linux, see
<filename>/usr/share/doc/debian-guide/html/noframes/index.html</filename>.

</para>

 </sect1>
</chapter>