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diff --git a/nl/appendix/chroot-install.xml b/nl/appendix/chroot-install.xml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdd173363 --- /dev/null +++ b/nl/appendix/chroot-install.xml @@ -0,0 +1,458 @@ +<!-- retain these comments for translator revision tracking --> +<!-- original version: 31190 untranslated --> + + <sect1 id="linux-upgrade"> + <title>Installing &debian; from a Unix/Linux System</title> + +<para> + +This section explains how to install &debian; from an existing +Unix or Linux system, without using the menu-driven installer as +explained in the rest of the manual. This <quote>cross-install</quote> +HOWTO has been requested by users switching to &debian; from +Red Hat, Mandrake, and SUSE. In this section some familiarity with +entering *nix commands and navigating the file system is assumed. In +this section, <prompt>$</prompt> symbolizes a command to be entered in +the user's current system, while <prompt>#</prompt> refers to a +command entered in the Debian chroot. + +</para><para> + +Once you've got the new Debian system configured to your preference, +you can migrate your existing user data (if any) to it, and keep on +rolling. This is therefore a <quote>zero downtime</quote> &debian; +install. It's also a clever way for dealing with hardware that +otherwise doesn't play friendly with various boot or installation +media. + +</para> + + <sect2> + <title>Getting Started</title> +<para> + +With your current *nix partitioning tools, repartition the hard +drive as needed, creating at least one filesystem plus swap. You +need at least 150MB of space available for a console only install, +or at least 300MB if you plan to install X. + +</para><para> + +To create file systems on your partitions. For example, to create an +ext3 file system on partition <filename>/dev/hda6</filename> (that's +our example root partition): + +<informalexample><screen> +# mke2fs -j /dev/hda6 +</screen></informalexample> + +To create an ext2 file system instead, omit <userinput>-j</userinput>. + +</para><para> + +Initialize and activate swap (substitute the partition number for +your intended Debian swap partition): + +<informalexample><screen> +# mkswap /dev/hda5 +# sync; sync; sync +# swapon /dev/hda5 +</screen></informalexample> + +Mount one partition as <filename>/mnt/debinst</filename> (the +installation point, to be the root (<filename>/</filename>) filesystem +on your new system). The mount point name is strictly arbitrary, it is +referenced later below. + +<informalexample><screen> +# mkdir /mnt/debinst +# mount /dev/hda6 /mnt/debinst +</screen></informalexample> + +</para> +<note><para> + +If you want to have parts of the filesystem (e.g. /usr) mounted on +separate partitions, you will need to create and mount these directories +manually before proceding with the next stage. + +</para></note> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Install <command>debootstrap</command></title> +<para> + +The tool that the Debian installer uses, which is recognized as the +official way to install a Debian base system, is +<command>debootstrap</command>. It uses <command>wget</command> and +<command>ar</command>, but otherwise depends only on +<classname>/bin/sh</classname>. Install <command>wget</command> and +<command>ar</command> if they aren't already on your current system, +then download and install <command>debootstrap</command>. + +</para><para> + +If you have an rpm-based system, you can use alien to convert the +.deb into .rpm, or download an rpm-ized version at +<ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~blade/install/debootstrap"></ulink> + +</para><para> + +Or, you can use the following procedure to install it +manually. Make a work folder for extracting the .deb into: + +<informalexample><screen> +# mkdir work +# cd work +</screen></informalexample> + +The <command>debootstrap</command> binary is located in the Debian +archive (be sure to select the proper file for your +architecture). Download the <command>debootstrap</command> .deb from +the <ulink url="http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/"> +pool</ulink>, copy the package to the work folder, and extract the +binary files from it. You will need to have root privileges to install +the binaries. + +<informalexample><screen> +# ar -x debootstrap_0.X.X_arch.deb +# cd / +# zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv +</screen></informalexample> + +</para><para> + +Note that running <command>debootstrap</command> may require you to have +a minimal version of <classname>glibc</classname> installed (currently +GLIBC_2.3). <command>debootstrap</command> itself is a shell script, but +it calls various utilities that require <classname>glibc</classname>. + +</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Run <command>debootstrap</command></title> +<para> + +<command>debootstrap</command> can download the needed files directly +from the archive when you run it. You can substitute any Debian +archive mirror for <userinput>http.us.debian.org/debian</userinput> in +the command example below, preferably a mirror close to you +network-wise. Mirrors are listed at +<ulink url="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors"></ulink>. + +</para><para> + +If you have a &releasename; &debian; CD mounted at +<filename>/cdrom</filename>, you could substitute a file URL instead +of the http URL: <userinput>file:/cdrom/debian/</userinput> + +</para><para> + +Substitute one of the following for <replaceable>ARCH</replaceable> +in the <command>debootstrap</command> command: + +<userinput>alpha</userinput>, +<userinput>arm</userinput>, +<userinput>hppa</userinput>, +<userinput>i386</userinput>, +<userinput>ia64</userinput>, +<userinput>m68k</userinput>, +<userinput>mips</userinput>, +<userinput>mipsel</userinput>, +<userinput>powerpc</userinput>, +<userinput>s390</userinput>, or +<userinput>sparc</userinput>. + +<informalexample><screen> +# /usr/sbin/debootstrap --arch ARCH &releasename; \ + /mnt/debinst http://http.us.debian.org/debian +</screen></informalexample> + +</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Configure The Base System</title> +<para> + +Now you've got a real Debian system, though rather lean, on disk. +<command>Chroot</command> into it: + +<informalexample><screen> +# LANG= chroot /mnt/debinst /bin/bash +</screen></informalexample> + +</para> + + <sect3> + <title>Mount Partitions</title> +<para> + +You need to create <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. + +<informalexample><screen> +# editor /etc/fstab +</screen></informalexample> + +Here is a sample you can modify to suit: + +<informalexample><screen> +# /etc/fstab: static file system information. +# +# file system mount point type options dump pass +/dev/XXX / ext3 defaults 0 1 +/dev/XXX /boot ext3 ro,nosuid,nodev 0 2 + +/dev/XXX none swap sw 0 0 +proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 + +/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,rw,sync,user,exec 0 0 +/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro,user,exec 0 0 + +/dev/XXX /tmp ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2 +/dev/XXX /var ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2 +/dev/XXX /usr ext3 rw,nodev 0 2 +/dev/XXX /home ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2 +</screen></informalexample> + +Use <userinput>mount -a</userinput> to mount all the file systems you +have specified in your <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, or to mount +file systems individually use: + +<informalexample><screen> +# mount /path # e.g.: mount /usr +</screen></informalexample> + +You can mount the proc file system multiple times and to arbitrary +locations, though <filename>/proc</filename> is customary. If you didn't use +<userinput>mount -a</userinput>, be sure to mount proc before continuing: + +<informalexample><screen> +# mount -t proc proc /proc +</screen></informalexample> + +</para><para> + +The command <userinput>ls /proc</userinput> should now show a non-empty +directory. Should this fail, you may be able to mount proc from outside +the chroot: + +<informalexample><screen> +# mount -t proc proc /mnt/debinst/proc +</screen></informalexample> + +</para> + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Configure Keyboard</title> +<para> + +To configure your keyboard: + +<informalexample><screen> +# dpkg-reconfigure console-data +</screen></informalexample> + +</para><para> + +Note that the keyboard cannot be set while in the chroot, but will be +configured for the next reboot. + +</para> + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Configure Networking</title> +<para> + +To configure networking, edit +<filename>/etc/network/interfaces</filename>, +<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>, and +<filename>/etc/hostname</filename>. + +<informalexample><screen> +# editor /etc/network/interfaces +</screen></informalexample> + +Here are some simple examples from +<filename>/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples</filename>: + +<informalexample><screen> +###################################################################### +# /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8) +# See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are +# available. +###################################################################### + +# We always want the loopback interface. +# +auto lo +iface lo inet loopback + +# To use dhcp: +# +# auto eth0 +# iface eth0 inet dhcp + +# An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional) +# +# auto eth0 +# iface eth0 inet static +# address 192.168.0.42 +# network 192.168.0.0 +# netmask 255.255.255.0 +# broadcast 192.168.0.255 +# gateway 192.168.0.1 +</screen></informalexample> + +Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in +<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>: + +<informalexample><screen> +# editor /etc/resolv.conf +</screen></informalexample> + +A simple <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>: + +<informalexample><screen> +search hqdom.local\000 +nameserver 10.1.1.36 +nameserver 192.168.9.100 +</screen></informalexample> + +Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters): + +<informalexample><screen> +# echo DebianHostName > /etc/hostname +</screen></informalexample> + +If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of +driver modules in the <filename>/etc/modules</filename> file into the +desired order. Then during boot, each card will be associated with the +interface name (eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect. + +</para> + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Configure Timezone, Users, and APT</title> +<para> + +Set your timezone, add a normal user, and choose your <command>apt</command> +sources by running + +<informalexample><screen> +# /usr/sbin/base-config new +</screen></informalexample> + +</para> + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Configure Locales</title> +<para> + +To configure your locale settings to use a language other than +English, install the locales support package and configure it: + +<informalexample><screen> +# apt-get install locales +# dpkg-reconfigure locales +</screen></informalexample> + +NOTE: Apt must be configured before, ie. during the base-config phase. +Before using locales with character sets other than ASCII or latin1, +please consult the appropriate localization HOWTO. + +</para> + </sect3> + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Install a Kernel</title> +<para> + +If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel +and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with + +<informalexample><screen> +# apt-cache search kernel-image +</screen></informalexample> + +Then install your choice using its package name. + +<informalexample><screen> +# apt-get install kernel-image-<replaceable>2.X.X-arch-etc</replaceable> +</screen></informalexample> + +</para> + </sect2> + + <sect2> +<title>Set up the Boot Loader</title> +<para> + +To make your &debian; system bootable, set up your boot loader to load +the installed kernel with your new root partition. Note that debootstrap +does not install a boot loader, though you can use apt-get inside your +Debian chroot to do so. + +</para><para arch="i386"> + +Check <userinput>info grub</userinput> or <userinput>man +lilo.conf</userinput> for instructions on setting up the +bootloader. If you are keeping the system you used to install Debian, just +add an entry for the Debian install to your existing grub +<filename>menu.lst</filename> or <filename>lilo.conf</filename>. For +<filename>lilo.conf</filename>, you could also copy it to the new system and +edit it there. After you are done editing, call lilo (remember it will use +<filename>lilo.conf</filename> relative to the system you call it from). + +</para><para arch="i386"> + +Here is a basic <filename>/etc/lilo.conf</filename> as an example: + +<informalexample><screen> +boot=/dev/hda6 +root=/dev/hda6 +install=menu +delay=20 +lba32 +image=/vmlinuz +label=Debian +</screen></informalexample> + +</para><para arch="powerpc"> + +Check <userinput>man yaboot.conf</userinput> for instructions on +setting up the bootloader. If you are keeping the system you used to +install Debian, just add an entry for the Debian install to your +existing <filename>yaboot.conf</filename>. You could also copy it to +the new system and +edit it there. After you are done editing, call ybin (remember it will +use <filename>yaboot.conf</filename> relative to the system you call it from). + +</para><para arch="powerpc"> + +Here is a basic <filename>/etc/yaboot.conf</filename> as an example: + +<informalexample><screen> +boot=/dev/hda2 +device=hd: +partition=6 +root=/dev/hda6 +magicboot=/usr/lib/yaboot/ofboot +timeout=50 +image=/vmlinux +label=Debian +</screen></informalexample> + +On some machines, you may need to use <userinput>ide0:</userinput> +instead of <userinput>hd:</userinput>. + +</para> + </sect2> + </sect1> |