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+
+ <sect1 condition="supports-tftp" id="install-tftp">
+ <title>Preparing Files for TFTP Net Booting</title>
+<para>
+
+If your machine is connected to a local area network, you may be able
+to boot it over the network from another machine, using TFTP. If you
+intend to boot the installation system from another machine, the
+boot files will need to be placed in specific locations on that machine,
+and the machine configured to support booting of your specific machine.
+
+</para><para>
+
+You need to setup a TFTP server, and for CATS machines, a BOOTP server
+<phrase condition="supports-rarp">, or RARP server</phrase>
+<phrase condition="supports-dhcp">, or DHCP server</phrase>.
+
+</para><para>
+
+<phrase condition="supports-rarp">The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is
+one way to tell your client what IP address to use for itself. Another
+way is to use the BOOTP protocol. </phrase>
+
+<phrase condition="supports-bootp">BOOTP is an IP protocol that
+informs a computer of its IP address and where on the network to obtain
+a boot image. </phrase>
+
+<phrase arch="m68k"> Yet another alternative exists on VMEbus
+systems: the IP address can be manually configured in boot ROM. </phrase>
+
+<phrase condition="supports-dhcp">The DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
+Protocol) is a more flexible, backwards-compatible extension of BOOTP.
+Some systems can only be configured via DHCP. </phrase>
+
+</para><para arch="powerpc">
+
+For PowerPC, if you have a NewWorld Power Macintosh machine, it is a
+good idea to use DHCP instead of BOOTP.  Some of the latest machines
+are unable to boot using BOOTP.
+
+</para><para arch="alpha"> 
+
+Unlike the Open Firmware found on Sparc and PowerPC machines, the SRM
+console will <emphasis>not</emphasis> use RARP to obtain its IP
+address, and therefore you must use BOOTP for net booting your Alpha.
+You can also enter the IP configuration for network interfaces
+directly in the SRM console.
+
+<footnote>
+<para>
+
+Alpha systems can also be net-booted using the DECNet MOP (Maintenance
+Operations Protocol), but this is not covered here.  Presumably, your
+local OpenVMS operator will be happy to assist you should you have
+some burning need to use MOP to boot Linux on your Alpha.
+
+</para>
+</footnote></para><para arch="hppa"> 
+
+Some older HPPA machines (e.g. 715/75) use RBOOTD rather than BOOTP.
+An RBOOTD package is available on the parisc-linux web site.
+
+</para><para>
+
+The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is used to serve the boot
+image to the client.  Theoretically, any server, on any platform,
+which implements these protocols, may be used.  In the examples in
+this section, we shall provide commands for SunOS 4.x, SunOS 5.x
+(a.k.a. Solaris), and GNU/Linux.
+
+</para>
+
+&tftp-rarp.xml;
+&tftp-bootp.xml;
+&tftp-dhcp.xml;
+
+  <sect2 id="tftpd">
+  <title>Enabling the TFTP Server</title>
+<para>
+
+To get the TFTP server ready to go, you should first make sure that
+<command>tftpd</command> is enabled.  This is usually enabled by having
+something like the following line in <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>:
+
+<informalexample><screen>
+
+tftp dgram udp wait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd in.tftpd /tftpboot
+
+</screen></informalexample>
+
+Debian packages will in general set this up correctly by default when they
+are installed.
+
+</para><para>
+
+Look in that file and remember the directory which is used as the
+argument of <command>in.tftpd</command>; you'll need that below.  The
+<userinput>-l</userinput> argument enables some versions of
+<command>in.tftpd</command> to log all requests to the system logs;
+this is useful for diagnosing boot errors.  If you've had to change
+<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>, you'll have to notify the
+running <command>inetd</command> process that the file has changed.
+On a Debian machine, run <userinput>/etc/init.d/inetd
+reload</userinput>; on other machines,
+find out the process ID for <command>inetd</command>, and run
+<userinput>kill -HUP <replaceable>inetd-pid</replaceable></userinput>.
+
+</para><note arch="i386"><para>
+
+To use the Pre-boot Execution Environment (PXE) method of TFTP
+booting, you will need a TFTP server with <userinput>tsize</userinput>
+support.  On a &debian; server, the <classname>atftpd</classname> and
+<classname>tftpd-hpa</classname> packages qualify.
+
+</para></note><para arch="mips">
+
+If your TFTP server is a GNU/Linux box running Linux 2.4.X you'll need
+to set the following on your server:
+
+<informalexample><screen>
+
+echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_no_pmtu_disc
+
+</screen></informalexample>
+
+to turn off Path MTU discovery, otherwise the Indy's PROM can't
+download the kernel. Furthermore, make sure TFTP packets are sent from
+a source port no greater than 32767, or the download will stall after
+the first packet.  Again, it's Linux 2.4.X tripping this bug in the
+PROM, and you can avoid it by setting
+
+<informalexample><screen>
+
+echo "2048 32767" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range
+
+</screen></informalexample>
+
+to adjust the range of source ports the Linux TFTP server uses.
+
+</para>
+  </sect2>
+
+  <sect2 id="tftp-images">
+  <title>Move TFTP Images Into Place</title>
+<para>
+
+Next, place the TFTP boot image you need, as found in 
+<xref linkend="where-files"/>, in the <command>tftpd</command> 
+boot image directory.  Generally, this directory will be
+<filename>/tftpboot</filename>.  You'll have to make a link from that
+file to the file which <command>tftpd</command> will use for booting a
+particular client.  Unfortunately, the file name is determined by the
+TFTP client, and there are no strong standards.
+
+</para><para arch="powerpc">
+
+On NewWorld Power Macintosh machines, you will need to set up the
+<command>yaboot</command> boot loader as the TFTP boot image.
+<command>Yaboot</command> will then retrieve the kernel and RAMdisk
+images via TFTP itself.  For net booting, use the
+<filename>yaboot-netboot.conf</filename>.  Just rename this to
+<filename>yaboot.conf</filename> in the TFTP directory.
+
+</para><para arch="not-powerpc">
+
+Often, the file that the TFTP client will look for is
+<replaceable>client-ip-in-hexclient-architecture</replaceable>.  To
+compute <replaceable>client-ip-in-hex</replaceable>, take each byte of
+the client IP address and translate it into hexadecimal notation.  If
+you have a machine handy with the <command>bc</command> program, you
+can use the program.  First issue the <userinput>obase=16</userinput>
+command to set the output to hex, then enter the individual components
+of the client IP one at a time.  As for
+<replaceable>client-architecture</replaceable>, try out some values.
+
+</para><para arch="i386">
+
+For PXE booting, you can use the boot loader included with
+<classname>syslinux</classname>: <filename>pxelinux.0</filename>. The boot
+loader should be copied into the <filename>/tftpboot</filename>
+folder. Then create a subdirectory within
+<filename>/tftpboot</filename> named
+<filename>/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg</filename>, and within that directory
+create a text file <filename>default</filename>. Here is an example of
+a <filename>default</filename> file's contents:
+
+<informalexample><screen>
+
+default lanlinux
+prompt 1
+
+label lanlinux
+  kernel vmlinuz
+  append initrd=initrd.gz devfs=mount root=/dev/ram
+
+</screen></informalexample>
+
+<userinput>devfs=mount</userinput> is important, because without it
+there may be problems mounting the initrd.gz file system once the
+kernel is booted.
+
+</para><para arch="i386">
+
+Finally, copy the <filename>vmlinuz</filename> and
+<filename>initrd.gz</filename> files (for the netboot installation method)
+from the Debian ftp archive into the <filename>/tftpboot</filename> folder,
+where the bootloader will be looking for them.
+
+</para>
+
+
+   <sect3 arch="mipsel">
+   <title>DECstation TFTP Images</title>
+<para>
+
+For DECstations, there are tftpimage files for each subarchitecture,
+which contain both kernel and installer in one file. The naming
+convention is tftpimage-<replaceable>subarchitecture</replaceable> or
+tftpimage-<replaceable>subarchitecture</replaceable>.gz.  If the
+tftpimage is gzipped (the name ends with .gz), you need to unpack it
+first with <userinput>gunzip
+tftpimage-<replaceable>subarchitecture</replaceable>.gz</userinput>,
+as DECstations cannot boot compressed files by TFTP. Copy the
+tftpimage file you would like to use to
+<userinput>/tftpboot/tftpboot.img</userinput> if you work with the
+example BOOTP/DHCP setups described above.
+
+</para><para>
+
+The DECstation firmware boots by TFTP with the command <userinput>boot
+<replaceable>#</replaceable>/tftp</userinput>, where
+<replaceable>#</replaceable> is the number of the TurboChannel device
+from which to boot. On most DECstations this is "3".  If the
+BOOTP/DHCP server does not supply the filename or you need to pass
+additional parameters, they can optionally be appended with the
+following syntax:
+
+</para><para>
+
+<userinput>boot #/tftp/filename param1=value1 param2=value2 ...</userinput>
+
+</para><para>
+
+Several DECstation firmware revisions show a problem with regard to
+net booting: the transfer starts, but after some time it stops with
+an <computeroutput>a.out err</computeroutput>. This can have several reasons:
+
+<orderedlist>
+<listitem><para>
+
+The firmware does not respond to ARP requests during a TFTP
+transfer. This leads to an ARP timeout and the transfer stops.  The
+solution is to add the MAC address of the Ethernet card in the
+DECstation statically to the ARP table of the TFTP server.  This is
+done by running <userinput>arp -s
+<replaceable>IP-address</replaceable>
+<replaceable>MAC-address</replaceable></userinput> as root on the
+machine acting as TFTP server. The MAC-address of the DECstation can
+be read out by entering <command>cnfg</command> at the DECstation
+firmware prompt.
+
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+
+The firmware has a size limit on the files that can be booted
+by TFTP.
+
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+
+There are also firmware revisions that cannot boot via TFTP at all. An
+overview about the different firmware revisions can be found at the
+NetBSD web pages:
+<ulink url="http://www.netbsd.org/Ports/pmax/board-list.html#proms"></ulink>.
+
+</para>
+   </sect3>
+
+   <sect3 arch="alpha">
+   <title>Alpha TFTP Booting</title>
+<para>
+On Alpha, you must specify the filename (as a relative path to the
+boot image directory) using the <userinput>-file</userinput> argument
+to the SRM <userinput>boot</userinput> command, or by setting the
+<userinput>BOOT_FILE</userinput> environment variable.  Alternatively,
+the filename can be given via BOOTP (in ISC <command>dhcpd</command>,
+use the <userinput>filename</userinput> directive).  Unlike Open
+Firmware, there is <emphasis>no default filename</emphasis> on SRM, so
+you <emphasis>must</emphasis> specify a filename by either one of
+these methods.
+
+</para>
+   </sect3>
+
+   <sect3 arch="sparc">
+   <title>SPARC TFTP Booting</title>
+<para>
+
+SPARC architectures for instance use the subarchitecture names, such
+as ``SUN4M'' or ``SUN4C''; in some cases, the architecture is left
+blank, so the file the client looks for is just
+<filename>client-ip-in-hex</filename>.  Thus, if your system
+subarchitecture is a SUN4C, and its IP is 192.168.1.3, the filename
+would be <filename>C0A80103.SUN4C</filename>.
+
+</para><para>
+
+You can also force some sparc systems to look for a specific file name
+by adding it to the end of the OpenPROM boot command, such as
+<userinput>boot net my-sparc.image</userinput>. This must still reside
+in the directory that the TFTP server looks in.
+
+</para>
+   </sect3>
+
+   <sect3 arch="m68k">
+   <title>BVM/Motorola TFTP Booting</title>
+<para>
+
+For BVM and Motorola VMEbus systems copy the files
+&bvme6000-tftp-files; to <filename>/tftpboot/</filename>.
+
+</para><para>
+
+Next, configure your boot ROMs or BOOTP server to initially load the
+<filename>tftplilo.bvme</filename> or
+<filename>tftplilo.mvme</filename> files from the TFTP server.  Refer
+to the <filename>tftplilo.txt</filename> file for your subarchitecture
+for additional system-specific configuration information.
+
+</para>
+   </sect3>
+
+   <sect3 arch="mips">
+   <title>SGI Indys TFTP Booting</title>
+<para>
+
+On SGI Indys you can rely on the <command>bootpd</command> to supply
+the name of the TFTP file. It is given either as the
+<userinput>bf=</userinput> in <filename>/etc/bootptab</filename> or as
+the <userinput>filename=</userinput> option in
+<filename>/etc/dhcpd.conf</filename>.
+
+</para>
+   </sect3>
+  </sect2>
+
+  <sect2 id="tftp-low-memory">
+  <title>TFTP Installation for Low-Memory Systems</title>
+<para>
+
+On some systems, the standard installation RAMdisk, combined with the
+memory requirements of the TFTP boot image, cannot fit in memory.  In
+this case, you can still install using TFTP, you'll just have to go
+through the additional step of NFS mounting your root directory over
+the network as well.  This type of setup is also appropriate for
+diskless or dataless clients.
+
+</para><para>
+
+First, follow all the steps above in <xref linkend="install-tftp"/>.
+
+<orderedlist>
+<listitem><para>
+
+Copy the Linux kernel image on your TFTP server using the
+<userinput>a.out</userinput> image for the architecture you are
+booting.
+
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+
+Untar the root archive on your NFS server (can be the same system as
+your TFTP server): 
+
+<informalexample><screen>
+
+# cd /tftpboot
+# tar xvzf root.tar.gz
+
+</screen></informalexample>
+
+Be sure to use the GNU <command>tar</command> (other tar programs, like the
+SunOS one, badly handle devices as plain files).
+
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+
+Export your <filename>/tftpboot/debian-sparc-root</filename> directory
+with root access to your client.  E.g., add the following line to
+<filename>/etc/exports</filename> (GNU/Linux syntax, should be similar
+for SunOS):
+
+<informalexample><screen>
+
+/tftpboot/debian-sparc-root client(rw,no_root_squash)
+
+</screen></informalexample>
+
+NOTE: "client" is the host name or IP address recognized by the server for
+the system you are booting.
+
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem><para>
+
+Create a symbolic link from your client IP address in dotted notation
+to <filename>debian-sparc-root</filename> in the
+<filename>/tftpboot</filename> directory.  For example, if the client
+IP address is 192.168.1.3, do
+
+<informalexample><screen>
+
+# ln -s debian-sparc-root 192.168.1.3
+
+</screen></informalexample>
+
+</para></listitem>
+</orderedlist>
+
+</para>
+
+  </sect2>
+
+  <sect2 condition="supports-nfsroot">
+  <title>Installing with TFTP and NFS Root</title>
+<para>
+
+Installing with TFTP and NFS Root is similar to 
+<xref linkend="tftp-low-memory"/> because you don't want to 
+load the RAMdisk anymore but boot from the newly created NFS-root file
+system.  You then need to replace the symlink to the tftpboot image by
+a symlink to the kernel image (for example,
+<filename>linux-a.out</filename>).
+
+</para><para>
+
+RARP/TFTP requires all daemons to be running on the same server (the
+workstation is sending a TFTP request back to the server that replied
+to its previous RARP request).
+
+</para>
+
+  </sect2>
+ </sect1>