path: root/Userland/Libraries/LibWeb/Fetch/Infrastructure/HTTP/Headers.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2022, Linus Groh <linusg@serenityos.org>
 * Copyright (c) 2022, Kenneth Myhra <kennethmyhra@serenityos.org>
 * Copyright (c) 2022, Luke Wilde <lukew@serenityos.org>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

#include <AK/CharacterTypes.h>
#include <AK/Checked.h>
#include <AK/GenericLexer.h>
#include <AK/QuickSort.h>
#include <AK/ScopeGuard.h>
#include <LibRegex/Regex.h>
#include <LibWeb/Fetch/Infrastructure/HTTP.h>
#include <LibWeb/Fetch/Infrastructure/HTTP/Headers.h>
#include <LibWeb/Infra/ByteSequences.h>
#include <LibWeb/MimeSniff/MimeType.h>

namespace Web::Fetch::Infrastructure {

template<typename T>
requires(IsSameIgnoringCV<T, u8>) struct CaseInsensitiveBytesTraits : public Traits<Span<T>> {
    static constexpr bool equals(Span<T> const& a, Span<T> const& b)
    {
        return StringView { a }.equals_ignoring_case(StringView { b });
    }

    static constexpr unsigned hash(Span<T> const& span)
    {
        if (span.is_empty())
            return 0;
        return AK::case_insensitive_string_hash(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(span.data()), span.size());
    }
};

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#header-list-contains
bool HeaderList::contains(ReadonlyBytes name) const
{
    // A header list list contains a header name name if list contains a header whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name.
    return any_of(*this, [&](auto const& header) {
        return StringView { header.name }.equals_ignoring_case(name);
    });
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-get
ErrorOr<Optional<ByteBuffer>> HeaderList::get(ReadonlyBytes name) const
{
    // To get a header name name from a header list list, run these steps:

    // 1. If list does not contain name, then return null.
    if (!contains(name))
        return Optional<ByteBuffer> {};

    // 2. Return the values of all headers in list whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name, separated from each other by 0x2C 0x20, in order.
    ByteBuffer buffer;
    auto first = true;
    for (auto const& header : *this) {
        if (!StringView { header.name }.equals_ignoring_case(name))
            continue;
        if (first) {
            first = false;
        } else {
            TRY(buffer.try_append(0x2c));
            TRY(buffer.try_append(0x20));
        }
        TRY(buffer.try_append(header.value));
    }
    return buffer;
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-get-decode-split
ErrorOr<Optional<Vector<String>>> HeaderList::get_decode_and_split(ReadonlyBytes name) const
{
    // To get, decode, and split a header name name from header list list, run these steps:

    // 1. Let initialValue be the result of getting name from list.
    auto initial_value = TRY(get(name));

    // 2. If initialValue is null, then return null.
    if (!initial_value.has_value())
        return Optional<Vector<String>> {};

    // 3. Let input be the result of isomorphic decoding initialValue.
    auto input = StringView { *initial_value };

    // 4. Let position be a position variable for input, initially pointing at the start of input.
    auto lexer = GenericLexer { input };

    // 5. Let values be a list of strings, initially empty.
    Vector<String> values;

    // 6. Let value be the empty string.
    StringBuilder value_builder;

    // 7. While position is not past the end of input:
    while (!lexer.is_eof()) {
        // 1. Append the result of collecting a sequence of code points that are not U+0022 (") or U+002C (,) from input, given position, to value.
        // NOTE: The result might be the empty string.
        value_builder.append(lexer.consume_until(is_any_of("\","sv)));

        // 2. If position is not past the end of input, then:
        if (!lexer.is_eof()) {
            // 1. If the code point at position within input is U+0022 ("), then:
            if (lexer.peek() == '"') {
                // 1. Append the result of collecting an HTTP quoted string from input, given position, to value.
                value_builder.append(collect_an_http_quoted_string(lexer));

                // 2. If position is not past the end of input, then continue.
                if (!lexer.is_eof())
                    continue;
            }
            // 2. Otherwise:
            else {
                // 1. Assert: the code point at position within input is U+002C (,).
                VERIFY(lexer.peek(1) == ',');

                // 2. Advance position by 1.
                lexer.ignore(1);
            }
        }

        // 3. Remove all HTTP tab or space from the start and end of value.
        auto value = value_builder.build().trim(HTTP_TAB_OR_SPACE, TrimMode::Both);

        // 4. Append value to values.
        values.append(move(value));

        // 5. Set value to the empty string.
        value_builder.clear();
    }

    // 8. Return values.
    return values;
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-append
ErrorOr<void> HeaderList::append(Header header)
{
    // To append a header (name, value) to a header list list, run these steps:
    // NOTE: Can't use structured bindings captured in the lambda due to https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/48582
    auto& name = header.name;

    // 1. If list contains name, then set name to the first such header’s name.
    // NOTE: This reuses the casing of the name of the header already in list, if any. If there are multiple matched headers their names will all be identical.
    if (contains(name)) {
        auto matching_header = first_matching([&](auto const& existing_header) {
            return StringView { existing_header.name }.equals_ignoring_case(name);
        });
        name.overwrite(0, matching_header->name.data(), matching_header->name.size());
    }

    // 2. Append (name, value) to list.
    TRY(Vector<Header>::try_append(move(header)));

    return {};
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-delete
void HeaderList::delete_(ReadonlyBytes name)
{
    // To delete a header name name from a header list list, remove all headers whose name is a byte-case-insensitive match for name from list.
    remove_all_matching([&](auto const& header) {
        return StringView { header.name }.equals_ignoring_case(name);
    });
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-set
ErrorOr<void> HeaderList::set(Header header)
{
    // To set a header (name, value) in a header list list, run these steps:
    // NOTE: Can't use structured bindings captured in the lambda due to https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/48582
    auto const& name = header.name;
    auto const& value = header.value;

    // 1. If list contains name, then set the value of the first such header to value and remove the others.
    if (contains(name)) {
        auto matching_index = find_if([&](auto const& existing_header) {
            return StringView { existing_header.name }.equals_ignoring_case(name);
        }).index();
        auto& matching_header = at(matching_index);
        matching_header.value = TRY(ByteBuffer::copy(value));
        size_t i = 0;
        remove_all_matching([&](auto const& existing_header) {
            ScopeGuard increment_i = [&]() { i++; };
            if (i <= matching_index)
                return false;
            return StringView { existing_header.name }.equals_ignoring_case(name);
        });
    }
    // 2. Otherwise, append header (name, value) to list.
    else {
        TRY(try_append(move(header)));
    }

    return {};
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-combine
ErrorOr<void> HeaderList::combine(Header header)
{
    // To combine a header (name, value) in a header list list, run these steps:
    // NOTE: Can't use structured bindings captured in the lambda due to https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/48582
    auto const& name = header.name;
    auto const& value = header.value;

    // 1. If list contains name, then set the value of the first such header to its value, followed by 0x2C 0x20, followed by value.
    if (contains(name)) {
        auto matching_header = first_matching([&](auto const& existing_header) {
            return StringView { existing_header.name }.equals_ignoring_case(name);
        });
        TRY(matching_header->value.try_append(0x2c));
        TRY(matching_header->value.try_append(0x20));
        TRY(matching_header->value.try_append(value));
    }
    // 2. Otherwise, append (name, value) to list.
    else {
        TRY(try_append(move(header)));
    }

    return {};
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-sort-and-combine
ErrorOr<Vector<Header>> HeaderList::sort_and_combine() const
{
    // To sort and combine a header list list, run these steps:

    // 1. Let headers be an empty list of headers with the key being the name and value the value.
    Vector<Header> headers;

    // 2. Let names be the result of convert header names to a sorted-lowercase set with all the names of the headers in list.
    Vector<ReadonlyBytes> names_list;
    for (auto const& header : *this)
        names_list.append(header.name);
    auto names = TRY(convert_header_names_to_a_sorted_lowercase_set(names_list));

    // 3. For each name in names:
    for (auto& name : names) {
        // 1. Let value be the result of getting name from list.
        // 2. Assert: value is not null.
        auto value = TRY(get(name)).value();

        // 3. Append (name, value) to headers.
        auto header = Infrastructure::Header {
            .name = move(name),
            .value = move(value),
        };
        headers.append(move(header));
    }

    // 4. Return headers.
    return headers;
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-extract-mime-type
Optional<MimeSniff::MimeType> HeaderList::extract_mime_type() const
{
    // 1. Let charset be null.
    Optional<String> charset;

    // 2. Let essence be null.
    Optional<String> essence;

    // 3. Let mimeType be null.
    Optional<MimeSniff::MimeType> mime_type;

    // 4. Let values be the result of getting, decoding, and splitting `Content-Type` from headers.
    auto values_or_error = get_decode_and_split("Content-Type"sv.bytes());
    if (values_or_error.is_error())
        return {};
    auto values = values_or_error.release_value();

    // 5. If values is null, then return failure.
    if (!values.has_value())
        return {};

    // 6. For each value of values:
    for (auto const& value : *values) {
        // 1. Let temporaryMimeType be the result of parsing value.
        auto temporary_mime_type = MimeSniff::MimeType::from_string(value);

        // 2. If temporaryMimeType is failure or its essence is "*/*", then continue.
        if (!temporary_mime_type.has_value() || temporary_mime_type->essence() == "*/*"sv)
            continue;

        // 3. Set mimeType to temporaryMimeType.
        mime_type = temporary_mime_type;

        // 4. If mimeType’s essence is not essence, then:
        if (mime_type->essence() != essence) {
            // 1. Set charset to null.
            charset = {};

            // 2. If mimeType’s parameters["charset"] exists, then set charset to mimeType’s parameters["charset"].
            auto charset_it = mime_type->parameters().find("charset"sv);
            if (charset_it != mime_type->parameters().end())
                charset = charset_it->value;

            // 3. Set essence to mimeType’s essence.
            essence = mime_type->essence();
        }
        // 5. Otherwise, if mimeType’s parameters["charset"] does not exist, and charset is non-null, set mimeType’s parameters["charset"] to charset.
        else if (!mime_type->parameters().contains("charset"sv) && charset.has_value()) {
            mime_type->set_parameter("charset"sv, charset.value());
        }
    }

    // 7. If mimeType is null, then return failure.
    // 8. Return mimeType.
    return mime_type;
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#convert-header-names-to-a-sorted-lowercase-set
ErrorOr<OrderedHashTable<ByteBuffer>> convert_header_names_to_a_sorted_lowercase_set(Span<ReadonlyBytes> header_names)
{
    // To convert header names to a sorted-lowercase set, given a list of names headerNames, run these steps:

    // 1. Let headerNamesSet be a new ordered set.
    Vector<ByteBuffer> header_names_set;
    HashTable<ReadonlyBytes, CaseInsensitiveBytesTraits<u8 const>> header_names_seen;

    // 2. For each name of headerNames, append the result of byte-lowercasing name to headerNamesSet.
    for (auto name : header_names) {
        if (header_names_seen.contains(name))
            continue;
        auto bytes = TRY(ByteBuffer::copy(name));
        Infra::byte_lowercase(bytes);
        header_names_seen.set(bytes);
        header_names_set.append(move(bytes));
    }

    // 3. Return the result of sorting headerNamesSet in ascending order with byte less than.
    quick_sort(header_names_set, [](auto const& a, auto const& b) {
        return StringView { a } < StringView { b };
    });
    OrderedHashTable<ByteBuffer> ordered { header_names_set.size() };
    for (auto& name : header_names_set) {
        auto result = ordered.set(move(name));
        VERIFY(result == AK::HashSetResult::InsertedNewEntry);
    }
    return ordered;
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#header-name
bool is_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name)
{
    // A header name is a byte sequence that matches the field-name token production.
    Regex<ECMA262Parser> regex { R"~~~(^[A-Za-z0-9!#$%&'*+\-.^_`|~]+$)~~~" };
    return regex.has_match(StringView { header_name });
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#header-value
bool is_header_value(ReadonlyBytes header_value)
{
    // A header value is a byte sequence that matches the following conditions:
    // - Has no leading or trailing HTTP tab or space bytes.
    // - Contains no 0x00 (NUL) or HTTP newline bytes.
    if (header_value.is_empty())
        return true;
    auto first_byte = header_value[0];
    auto last_byte = header_value[header_value.size() - 1];
    if (HTTP_TAB_OR_SPACE_BYTES.span().contains_slow(first_byte) || HTTP_TAB_OR_SPACE_BYTES.span().contains_slow(last_byte))
        return false;
    return !any_of(header_value, [](auto byte) {
        return byte == 0x00 || HTTP_NEWLINE_BYTES.span().contains_slow(byte);
    });
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-value-normalize
ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> normalize_header_value(ReadonlyBytes potential_value)
{
    // To normalize a byte sequence potentialValue, remove any leading and trailing HTTP whitespace bytes from potentialValue.
    if (potential_value.is_empty())
        return ByteBuffer {};
    auto trimmed = StringView { potential_value }.trim(HTTP_WHITESPACE, TrimMode::Both);
    return ByteBuffer::copy(trimmed.bytes());
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-safelisted-request-header
bool is_cors_safelisted_request_header(Header const& header)
{
    // To determine whether a header (name, value) is a CORS-safelisted request-header, run these steps:

    auto const& value = header.value;

    // 1. If value’s length is greater than 128, then return false.
    if (value.size() > 128)
        return false;

    // 2. Byte-lowercase name and switch on the result:
    auto name = StringView { header.name };

    // `accept`
    if (name.equals_ignoring_case("accept"sv)) {
        // If value contains a CORS-unsafe request-header byte, then return false.
        if (any_of(value.span(), is_cors_unsafe_request_header_byte))
            return false;
    }
    // `accept-language`
    // `content-language`
    else if (name.is_one_of_ignoring_case("accept-language"sv, "content-language"sv)) {
        // If value contains a byte that is not in the range 0x30 (0) to 0x39 (9), inclusive, is not in the range 0x41 (A) to 0x5A (Z), inclusive, is not in the range 0x61 (a) to 0x7A (z), inclusive, and is not 0x20 (SP), 0x2A (*), 0x2C (,), 0x2D (-), 0x2E (.), 0x3B (;), or 0x3D (=), then return false.
        if (any_of(value.span(), [](auto byte) {
                return !(is_ascii_digit(byte) || is_ascii_alpha(byte) || " *,-.;="sv.contains(byte));
            }))
            return false;
    }
    // `content-type`
    else if (name.equals_ignoring_case("content-type"sv)) {
        // 1. If value contains a CORS-unsafe request-header byte, then return false.
        if (any_of(value.span(), is_cors_unsafe_request_header_byte))
            return false;

        // 2. Let mimeType be the result of parsing value.
        auto mime_type = MimeSniff::MimeType::from_string(StringView { value });

        // 3. If mimeType is failure, then return false.
        if (!mime_type.has_value())
            return false;

        // 4. If mimeType’s essence is not "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "multipart/form-data", or "text/plain", then return false.
        if (!mime_type->essence().is_one_of("application/x-www-form-urlencoded"sv, "multipart/form-data"sv, "text/plain"sv))
            return false;
    }
    // `range`
    else if (name.equals_ignoring_case("range"sv)) {
        // If value is not a simple range header value, then return false.
        if (!is_simple_range_header_value(value))
            return false;
    }
    // Otherwise
    else {
        // Return false.
        return false;
    }

    // 3. Return true.
    return true;
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-unsafe-request-header-byte
bool is_cors_unsafe_request_header_byte(u8 byte)
{
    // A CORS-unsafe request-header byte is a byte byte for which one of the following is true:
    // - byte is less than 0x20 and is not 0x09 HT
    // - byte is 0x22 ("), 0x28 (left parenthesis), 0x29 (right parenthesis), 0x3A (:), 0x3C (<), 0x3E (>), 0x3F (?), 0x40 (@), 0x5B ([), 0x5C (\), 0x5D (]), 0x7B ({), 0x7D (}), or 0x7F DEL.
    return (byte < 0x20 && byte != 0x09)
        || (Array<u8, 14> { 0x22, 0x28, 0x29, 0x3A, 0x3C, 0x3E, 0x3F, 0x40, 0x5B, 0x5C, 0x5D, 0x7B, 0x7D, 0x7F }.span().contains_slow(byte));
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-unsafe-request-header-names
ErrorOr<OrderedHashTable<ByteBuffer>> get_cors_unsafe_header_names(HeaderList const& headers)
{
    // The CORS-unsafe request-header names, given a header list headers, are determined as follows:

    // 1. Let unsafeNames be a new list.
    Vector<ReadonlyBytes> unsafe_names;

    // 2. Let potentiallyUnsafeNames be a new list.
    Vector<ReadonlyBytes> potentially_unsafe_names;

    // 3. Let safelistValueSize be 0.
    Checked<size_t> safelist_value_size = 0;

    // 4. For each header of headers:
    for (auto const& header : headers) {
        // 1. If header is not a CORS-safelisted request-header, then append header’s name to unsafeNames.
        if (!is_cors_safelisted_request_header(header)) {
            unsafe_names.append(header.name.span());
        }
        // 2. Otherwise, append header’s name to potentiallyUnsafeNames and increase safelistValueSize by header’s value’s length.
        else {
            potentially_unsafe_names.append(header.name.span());
            safelist_value_size += header.value.size();
        }
    }

    // 5. If safelistValueSize is greater than 1024, then for each name of potentiallyUnsafeNames, append name to unsafeNames.
    if (safelist_value_size.has_overflow() || safelist_value_size.value() > 1024) {
        for (auto const& name : potentially_unsafe_names)
            unsafe_names.append(name);
    }

    // 6. Return the result of convert header names to a sorted-lowercase set with unsafeNames.
    return convert_header_names_to_a_sorted_lowercase_set(unsafe_names.span());
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-non-wildcard-request-header-name
bool is_cors_non_wildcard_request_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name)
{
    // A CORS non-wildcard request-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for `Authorization`.
    return StringView { header_name }.equals_ignoring_case("Authorization"sv);
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#privileged-no-cors-request-header-name
bool is_privileged_no_cors_request_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name)
{
    // A privileged no-CORS request-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of
    // - `Range`.
    return StringView { header_name }.equals_ignoring_case("Range"sv);
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-safelisted-response-header-name
bool is_cors_safelisted_response_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name, Span<ReadonlyBytes> list)
{
    // A CORS-safelisted response-header name, given a list of header names list, is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of
    // - `Cache-Control`
    // - `Content-Language`
    // - `Content-Length`
    // - `Content-Type`
    // - `Expires`
    // - `Last-Modified`
    // - `Pragma`
    // - Any item in list that is not a forbidden response-header name.
    return StringView { header_name }.is_one_of_ignoring_case(
               "Cache-Control"sv,
               "Content-Language"sv,
               "Content-Length"sv,
               "Content-Type"sv,
               "Expires"sv,
               "Last-Modified"sv,
               "Pragma"sv)
        || any_of(list, [&](auto list_header_name) {
               return StringView { header_name }.equals_ignoring_case(list_header_name)
                   && !is_forbidden_response_header_name(list_header_name);
           });
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#no-cors-safelisted-request-header-name
bool is_no_cors_safelisted_request_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name)
{
    // A no-CORS-safelisted request-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of
    // - `Accept`
    // - `Accept-Language`
    // - `Content-Language`
    // - `Content-Type`
    return StringView { header_name }.is_one_of_ignoring_case(
        "Accept"sv,
        "Accept-Language"sv,
        "Content-Language"sv,
        "Content-Type"sv);
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#no-cors-safelisted-request-header
bool is_no_cors_safelisted_request_header(Header const& header)
{
    // To determine whether a header header is a no-CORS-safelisted request-header, run these steps:

    // 1. If header’s name is not a no-CORS-safelisted request-header name, then return false.
    if (!is_no_cors_safelisted_request_header_name(header.name))
        return false;

    // 2. Return whether header is a CORS-safelisted request-header.
    return is_cors_safelisted_request_header(header);
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#forbidden-header-name
bool is_forbidden_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name)
{
    // A forbidden header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of
    // [...]
    // or a header name that when byte-lowercased starts with `proxy-` or `sec-`.
    return StringView { header_name }.is_one_of_ignoring_case(
               "Accept-Charset"sv,
               "Accept-Encoding"sv,
               "Access-Control-Request-Headers"sv,
               "Access-Control-Request-Method"sv,
               "Connection"sv,
               "Content-Length"sv,
               "Cookie"sv,
               "Cookie2"sv,
               "Date"sv,
               "DNT"sv,
               "Expect"sv,
               "Host"sv,
               "Keep-Alive"sv,
               "Origin"sv,
               "Referer"sv,
               "TE"sv,
               "Trailer"sv,
               "Transfer-Encoding"sv,
               "Upgrade"sv,
               "Via"sv)
        || StringView { header_name }.starts_with("proxy-"sv, CaseSensitivity::CaseInsensitive)
        || StringView { header_name }.starts_with("sec-"sv, CaseSensitivity::CaseInsensitive);
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#forbidden-response-header-name
bool is_forbidden_response_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name)
{
    // A forbidden response-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of:
    // - `Set-Cookie`
    // - `Set-Cookie2`
    return StringView { header_name }.is_one_of_ignoring_case(
        "Set-Cookie"sv,
        "Set-Cookie2"sv);
}

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#request-body-header-name
bool is_request_body_header_name(ReadonlyBytes header_name)
{
    // A request-body-header name is a header name that is a byte-case-insensitive match for one of:
    // - `Content-Encoding`
    // - `Content-Language`
    // - `Content-Location`
    // - `Content-Type`
    return StringView { header_name }.is_one_of_ignoring_case(
        "Content-Encoding"sv,
        "Content-Language"sv,
        "Content-Location"sv,
        "Content-Type"sv);
}

// TODO: https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#extract-header-values
// TODO: https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#extract-header-list-values

// https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#simple-range-header-value
bool is_simple_range_header_value(ReadonlyBytes value)
{
    // To determine if a byte sequence value is a simple range header value, perform the following steps. They return a boolean.

    // 1. Let data be the isomorphic decoding of value.
    auto data = StringView { value };

    // 2. If data does not start with "bytes=", then return false.
    if (!data.starts_with("bytes="sv))
        return false;

    // 3. Let position be a position variable for data, initially pointing at the 6th code point of data.
    auto lexer = GenericLexer { data };
    lexer.ignore(6);

    // 4. Let rangeStart be the result of collecting a sequence of code points that are ASCII digits, from data given position.
    auto range_start = lexer.consume_while(is_ascii_digit);

    // FIXME: I believe the case of an empty rangeStart string (`bytes=-`) is not handled,
    //        and would later fail 'interpreted as decimal number'.
    if (range_start.is_empty())
        return false;

    // 5. If the code point at position within data is not U+002D (-), then return false.
    // 6. Advance position by 1.
    if (!lexer.consume_specific('-'))
        return false;

    // 7. Let rangeEnd be the result of collecting a sequence of code points that are ASCII digits, from data given position.
    auto range_end = lexer.consume_while(is_ascii_digit);

    // 8. If position is not past the end of data, then return false.
    if (!lexer.is_eof())
        return false;

    // 9. If rangeEnd’s length is 0, then return true.
    // NOTE: The range end can be omitted, e.g., `bytes=0-` is valid.
    if (range_end.is_empty())
        return true;

    // 10. If rangeStart, interpreted as decimal number, is greater than rangeEnd, interpreted as decimal number, then return false.
    if (*range_start.to_uint<u64>() > *range_end.to_uint<u64>())
        return false;

    // 11. Return true.
    return true;
}

}