# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2006-04-28 19:34+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: application/x-xml2pot; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING\n" #: partitioning.xml:5 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Partitioning for Debian" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:13 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Deciding on Debian Partitions and Sizes" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:14 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "At a bare minimum, GNU/Linux needs one partition for itself. You can have a single partition containing the entire operating system, applications, and your personal files. Most people feel that a separate swap partition is also a necessity, although it's not strictly true. Swap is scratch space for an operating system, which allows the system to use disk storage as virtual memory. By putting swap on a separate partition, Linux can make much more efficient use of it. It is possible to force Linux to use a regular file as swap, but it is not recommended." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:26 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Most people choose to give GNU/Linux more than the minimum number of partitions, however. There are two reasons you might want to break up the file system into a number of smaller partitions. The first is for safety. If something happens to corrupt the file system, generally only one partition is affected. Thus, you only have to replace (from the backups you've been carefully keeping) a portion of your system. At a bare minimum, you should consider creating what is commonly called a root partition. This contains the most essential components of the system. If any other partitions get corrupted, you can still boot into GNU/Linux to fix the system. This can save you the trouble of having to reinstall the system from scratch." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:40 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The second reason is generally more important in a business setting, but it really depends on your use of the machine. For example, a mail server getting spammed with e-mail can easily fill a partition. If you made /var/mail a separate partition on the mail server, most of the system will remain working even if you get spammed." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:48 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The only real drawback to using more partitions is that it is often difficult to know in advance what your needs will be. If you make a partition too small then you will either have to reinstall the system or you will be constantly moving things around to make room in the undersized partition. On the other hand, if you make the partition too big, you will be wasting space that could be used elsewhere. Disk space is cheap nowadays, but why throw your money away?" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:67 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "The Directory Tree" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:68 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "&debian; adheres to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard for directory and file naming. This standard allows users and software programs to predict the location of files and directories. The root level directory is represented simply by the slash /. At the root level, all Debian systems include these directories:" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:82 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Directory" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:82 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Content" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:88 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "bin" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:89 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Essential command binaries" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:91 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "boot" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:92 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Static files of the boot loader" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:94 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "dev" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:95 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Device files" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:97 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "etc" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:98 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Host-specific system configuration" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:100 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "home" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:101 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "User home directories" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:103 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "lib" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:104 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Essential shared libraries and kernel modules" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:106 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "media" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:107 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Contains mount points for replaceable media" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:109 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "mnt" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:110 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Mount point for mounting a file system temporarily" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:112 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "proc" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:113 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Virtual directory for system information (2.4 and 2.6 kernels)" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:115 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "root" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:116 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Home directory for the root user" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:118 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "sbin" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:119 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Essential system binaries" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:121 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "sys" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:122 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Virtual directory for system information (2.6 kernels)" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:124 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "tmp" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:125 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Temporary files" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:127 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "usr" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:128 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Secondary hierarchy" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:130 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "var" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:131 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Variable data" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:133 #, no-c-format #. Tag: filename msgid "opt" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:134 #, no-c-format #. Tag: entry msgid "Add-on application software packages" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:139 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The following is a list of important considerations regarding directories and partitions. Note that disk usage varies widely given system configuration and specific usage patterns. The recommendations here are general guidelines and provide a starting point for partitioning." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:149 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The root partition / must always physically contain /etc, /bin, /sbin, /lib and /dev, otherwise you won't be able to boot. Typically 150–250 MB is needed for the root partition." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:158 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "/usr: contains all user programs (/usr/bin), libraries (/usr/lib), documentation (/usr/share/doc), etc. This is the part of the file system that generally takes up most space. You should provide at least 500 MB of disk space. This amount should be increased depending on the number and type of packages you plan to install. A generous workstation or server installation should allow 4-6 GB." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:171 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "/var: variable data like news articles, e-mails, web sites, databases, the packaging system cache, etc. will be placed under this directory. The size of this directory depends greatly on the usage of your system, but for most people will be dictated by the package management tool's overhead. If you are going to do a full installation of just about everything Debian has to offer, all in one session, setting aside 2 or 3 gigabyte of space for /var should be sufficient. If you are going to install in pieces (that is to say, install services and utilities, followed by text stuff, then X, ...), you can get away with 300–500 MB. If hard drive space is at a premium and you don't plan on doing major system updates, you can get by with as little as 30 or 40 MB." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:187 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "/tmp: temporary data created by programs will most likely go in this directory. 40–100 MB should usually be enough. Some applications — including archive manipulators, CD/DVD authoring tools, and multimedia software — may use /tmp to temporarily store image files. If you plan to use such applications, you should adjust the space available in /tmp accordingly." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:198 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "/home: every user will put his personal data into a subdirectory of this directory. Its size depends on how many users will be using the system and what files are to be stored in their directories. Depending on your planned usage you should reserve about 100 MB for each user, but adapt this value to your needs. Reserve a lot more space if you plan to save a lot of multimedia files (pictures, MP3, movies) in your home directory." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:219 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Recommended Partitioning Scheme" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:220 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "For new users, personal Debian boxes, home systems, and other single-user setups, a single / partition (plus swap) is probably the easiest, simplest way to go. However, if your partition is larger than around 6GB, choose ext3 as your partition type. Ext2 partitions need periodic file system integrity checking, and this can cause delays during booting when the partition is large." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:229 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "For multi-user systems or systems with lots of disk space, it's best to put /usr, /var, /tmp, and /home each on their own partitions separate from the / partition." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:237 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "You might need a separate /usr/local partition if you plan to install many programs that are not part of the Debian distribution. If your machine will be a mail server, you might need to make /var/mail a separate partition. Often, putting /tmp on its own partition, for instance 20 to 50MB, is a good idea. If you are setting up a server with lots of user accounts, it's generally good to have a separate, large /home partition. In general, the partitioning situation varies from computer to computer depending on its uses." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:249 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "For very complex systems, you should see the Multi Disk HOWTO. This contains in-depth information, mostly of interest to ISPs and people setting up servers." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:256 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "With respect to the issue of swap partition size, there are many views. One rule of thumb which works well is to use as much swap as you have system memory. It also shouldn't be smaller than 16MB, in most cases. Of course, there are exceptions to these rules. If you are trying to solve 10000 simultaneous equations on a machine with 256MB of memory, you may need a gigabyte (or more) of swap." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:265 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "On the other hand, Atari Falcons and Macs feel pain when swapping, so instead of making a large swap partition, get as much RAM as possible." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:270 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "On 32-bit architectures (i386, m68k, 32-bit SPARC, and PowerPC), the maximum size of a swap partition is 2GB. That should be enough for nearly any installation. However, if your swap requirements are this high, you should probably try to spread the swap across different disks (also called spindles) and, if possible, different SCSI or IDE channels. The kernel will balance swap usage between multiple swap partitions, giving better performance." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:280 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "As an example, an older home machine might have 32MB of RAM and a 1.7GB IDE drive on /dev/hda. There might be a 500MB partition for another operating system on /dev/hda1, a 32MB swap partition on /dev/hda3 and about 1.2GB on /dev/hda2 as the Linux partition." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:289 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "For an idea of the space taken by tasks you might be interested in adding after your system installation is complete, check ." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:305 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Device Names in Linux" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:306 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Linux disks and partition names may be different from other operating systems. You need to know the names that Linux uses when you create and mount partitions. Here's the basic naming scheme:" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:314 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The first floppy drive is named /dev/fd0." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:319 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The second floppy drive is named /dev/fd1." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:324 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The first SCSI disk (SCSI ID address-wise) is named /dev/sda." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:330 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The second SCSI disk (address-wise) is named /dev/sdb, and so on." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:336 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The first SCSI CD-ROM is named /dev/scd0, also known as /dev/sr0." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:342 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The master disk on IDE primary controller is named /dev/hda." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:348 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The slave disk on IDE primary controller is named /dev/hdb." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:354 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The master and slave disks of the secondary controller can be called /dev/hdc and /dev/hdd, respectively. Newer IDE controllers can actually have two channels, effectively acting like two controllers. The letters may differ from what shows in the mac program pdisk (i.e. what shows up as /dev/hdc on pdisk may show up as /dev/hda in Debian). " msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:369 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The first XT disk is named /dev/xda." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:374 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The second XT disk is named /dev/xdb." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:379 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The first ACSI device is named /dev/ada, the second is named /dev/adb." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:388 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The first DASD device is named /dev/dasda." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:394 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The second DASD device is named /dev/dasdb, and so on." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:402 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The partitions on each disk are represented by appending a decimal number to the disk name: sda1 and sda2 represent the first and second partitions of the first SCSI disk drive in your system." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:409 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Here is a real-life example. Let's assume you have a system with 2 SCSI disks, one at SCSI address 2 and the other at SCSI address 4. The first disk (at address 2) is then named sda, and the second sdb. If the sda drive has 3 partitions on it, these will be named sda1, sda2, and sda3. The same applies to the sdb disk and its partitions." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:420 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Note that if you have two SCSI host bus adapters (i.e., controllers), the order of the drives can get confusing. The best solution in this case is to watch the boot messages, assuming you know the drive models and/or capacities." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:427 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Linux represents the primary partitions as the drive name, plus the numbers 1 through 4. For example, the first primary partition on the first IDE drive is /dev/hda1. The logical partitions are numbered starting at 5, so the first logical partition on that same drive is /dev/hda5. Remember that the extended partition, that is, the primary partition holding the logical partitions, is not usable by itself. This applies to SCSI disks as well as IDE disks." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:438 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "VMEbus systems using the TEAC FC-1 SCSI floppy drive will see it as normal SCSI disk. To make identification of the drive simpler the installation software will create a symbolic link to the appropriate device and name it /dev/sfd0." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:445 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Sun disk partitions allow for 8 separate partitions (or slices). The third partition is usually (and is preferred to have) the Whole Disk partition. This partition references all of the sectors of the disk, and is used by the boot loader (either SILO, or Sun's)." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:452 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The partitions on each disk are represented by appending a decimal number to the disk name: dasda1 and dasda2 represent the first and second partitions of the first DASD device in your system." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:467 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Debian Partitioning Programs" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:468 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Several varieties of partitioning programs have been adapted by Debian developers to work on various types of hard disks and computer architectures. Following is a list of the program(s) applicable for your architecture." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:480 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "partman" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:481 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Recommended partitioning tool in Debian. This Swiss army knife can also resize partitions, create filesystems (format in Windows speak) and assign them to the mountpoints." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:492 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "fdisk" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:493 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The original Linux disk partitioner, good for gurus." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:497 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Be careful if you have existing FreeBSD partitions on your machine. The installation kernels include support for these partitions, but the way that fdisk represents them (or not) can make the device names differ. See the Linux+FreeBSD HOWTO" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:509 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "cfdisk" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:510 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "A simple-to-use, full-screen disk partitioner for the rest of us." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:514 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Note that cfdisk doesn't understand FreeBSD partitions at all, and, again, device names may differ as a result." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:523 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "atari-fdisk" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:524 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Atari-aware version of fdisk." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:532 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "amiga-fdisk" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:533 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Amiga-aware version of fdisk." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:541 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "mac-fdisk" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:542 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Mac-aware version of fdisk." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:550 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "pmac-fdisk" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:551 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "PowerMac-aware version of fdisk, also used by BVM and Motorola VMEbus systems." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:560 #, no-c-format #. Tag: command msgid "fdasd" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:561 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "&arch-title; version of fdisk; Please read the fdasd manual page or chapter 13 in Device Drivers and Installation Commands for details." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:572 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "One of these programs will be run by default when you select Partition disks (or similar). It may be possible to use a different partitioning tool from the command line on VT2, but this is not recommended." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:579 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "" "If you will be working with more than 20 partitions on your ide disk, you will need to create devices for partitions 21 and beyond. The next step of initializing the partition will fail unless a proper device is present. As an example, here are commands you can use in tty2 or under Execute a shell to add a device so the 21st partition can be initialized: \n" "# cd /dev\n" "# mknod hda21 b 3 21\n" "# chgrp disk hda21\n" "# chmod 660 hda21\n" " Booting into the new system will fail unless proper devices are present on the target system. After installing the kernel and modules, execute: \n" "# cd /target/dev\n" "# mknod hda21 b 3 21\n" "# chgrp disk hda21\n" "# chmod 660 hda21\n" " Remember to mark your boot partition as Bootable." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:598 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "One key point when partitioning for Mac type disks is that the swap partition is identified by its name; it must be named swap. All Mac linux partitions are the same partition type, Apple_UNIX_SRV2. Please read the fine manual. We also suggest reading the mac-fdisk Tutorial, which includes steps you should take if you are sharing your disk with MacOS." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:614 partitioning.xml:674 partitioning.xml:698 partitioning.xml:794 partitioning.xml:913 partitioning.xml:990 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Partitioning for &arch-title;" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:615 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Booting Debian from the SRM console (the only disk boot method supported by &releasename;) requires you to have a BSD disk label, not a DOS partition table, on your boot disk. (Remember, the SRM boot block is incompatible with MS-DOS partition tables — see .) As a result, partman creates BSD disk labels when running on &architecture;, but if your disk has an existing DOS partition table the existing partitions will need to be deleted before partman can convert it to use a disk label." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:626 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "If you have chosen to use fdisk to partition your disk, and the disk that you have selected for partitioning does not already contain a BSD disk label, you must use the b command to enter disk label mode." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:633 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Unless you wish to use the disk you are partitioning from Tru64 Unix or one of the free 4.4BSD-Lite derived operating systems (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, or NetBSD), it is suggested that you do not make the third partition contain the whole disk. This is not required by aboot, and in fact, it may lead to confusion since the swriteboot utility used to install aboot in the boot sector will complain about a partition overlapping with the boot block." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:644 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Also, because aboot is written to the first few sectors of the disk (currently it occupies about 70 kilobytes, or 150 sectors), you must leave enough empty space at the beginning of the disk for it. In the past, it was suggested that you make a small partition at the beginning of the disk, to be left unformatted. For the same reason mentioned above, we now suggest that you do not do this on disks that will only be used by GNU/Linux. When using partman, a small partition will still be created for aboot for convenience reasons." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:656 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "For ARC installations, you should make a small FAT partition at the beginning of the disk to contain MILO and linload.exe — 5 megabytes should be sufficient, see . Unfortunately, making FAT file systems from the menu is not yet supported, so you'll have to do it manually from the shell using mkdosfs before attempting to install the boot loader." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:675 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "PALO, the HPPA boot loader, requires a partition of type F0 somewhere in the first 2GB. This is where the boot loader and an optional kernel and RAMdisk will be stored, so make it big enough for that — at least 4Mb (I like 8–16MB). An additional requirement of the firmware is that the Linux kernel must reside within the first 2GB of the disk. This is typically achieved by making the root ext2 partition fit entirely within the first 2GB of the disk. Alternatively you can create a small ext2 partition near the start of the disk and mount that on /boot, since that is the directory where the Linux kernel(s) will be stored. /boot needs to be big enough to hold whatever kernels (and backups) you might wish to load; 25–50MB is generally sufficient." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:699 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "If you have an existing other operating system such as DOS or Windows and you want to preserve that operating system while installing Debian, you may need to resize its partition to free up space for the Debian installation. The installer supports resizing of both FAT and NTFS filesystems; when you get to the installer's partitioning step, select the option to partition manually and then simply select an existing partition and change its size." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:708 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The PC BIOS generally adds additional constraints for disk partitioning. There is a limit to how many primary and logical partitions a drive can contain. Additionally, with pre 1994–98 BIOSes, there are limits to where on the drive the BIOS can boot from. More information can be found in the Linux Partition HOWTO and the Phoenix BIOS FAQ, but this section will include a brief overview to help you plan most situations." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:719 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Primary partitions are the original partitioning scheme for PC disks. However, there can only be four of them. To get past this limitation, extended and logical partitions were invented. By setting one of your primary partitions as an extended partition, you can subdivide all the space allocated to that partition into logical partitions. You can create up to 60 logical partitions per extended partition; however, you can only have one extended partition per drive." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:730 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Linux limits the partitions per drive to 15 partitions for SCSI disks (3 usable primary partitions, 12 logical partitions), and 63 partitions on an IDE drive (3 usable primary partitions, 60 logical partitions). However the normal &debian; system provides only 20 devices for partitions, so you may not install on partitions higher than 20 unless you first manually create devices for those partitions." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:740 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "If you have a large IDE disk, and are using neither LBA addressing, nor overlay drivers (sometimes provided by hard disk manufacturers), then the boot partition (the partition containing your kernel image) must be placed within the first 1024 cylinders of your hard drive (usually around 524 megabytes, without BIOS translation)." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:748 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "This restriction doesn't apply if you have a BIOS newer than around 1995–98 (depending on the manufacturer) that supports the Enhanced Disk Drive Support Specification. Both Lilo, the Linux loader, and Debian's alternative mbr must use the BIOS to read the kernel from the disk into RAM. If the BIOS int 0x13 large disk access extensions are found to be present, they will be utilized. Otherwise, the legacy disk access interface is used as a fall-back, and it cannot be used to address any location on the disk higher than the 1023rd cylinder. Once Linux is booted, no matter what BIOS your computer has, these restrictions no longer apply, since Linux does not use the BIOS for disk access." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:762 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "If you have a large disk, you might have to use cylinder translation techniques, which you can set from your BIOS setup program, such as LBA (Logical Block Addressing) or CHS translation mode (Large). More information about issues with large disks can be found in the Large Disk HOWTO. If you are using a cylinder translation scheme, and the BIOS does not support the large disk access extensions, then your boot partition has to fit within the translated representation of the 1024th cylinder." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:774 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The recommended way of accomplishing this is to create a small (25–50MB should suffice) partition at the beginning of the disk to be used as the boot partition, and then create whatever other partitions you wish to have, in the remaining area. This boot partition must be mounted on /boot, since that is the directory where the Linux kernel(s) will be stored. This configuration will work on any system, regardless of whether LBA or large disk CHS translation is used, and regardless of whether your BIOS supports the large disk access extensions." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:796 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The partman disk partitioner is the default partitioning tool for the installer. It manages the set of partitions and their mount points to ensure that the disks and filesystems is properly configured for a successful installation. It actually uses the parted to do the on-disk partitioning." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:808 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "EFI Recognized Formats" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:809 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The IA64 EFI firmware supports two partition table (or disk label) formats, GPT and MS-DOS. MS-DOS, the format typically used on i386 PCs, is no longer recommended for IA64 systems. Although the installer also provides the cfdisk, you should only use the parted because only it can manage both GPT and MS-DOS tables correctly." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:821 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The automatic partitioning recipes for partman allocate an EFI partition as the first partition on the disk. You can also set up the partition under the Guided partitioning from the main menu in a manner similar to setting up a swap partition." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:829 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "" "The partman partitioner will handle most disk layouts. For those rare cases where it is necessary to manually set up a disk, you can use the shell as described above and run the parted utility directly using its command line interface. Assuming that you want to erase your whole disk and create a GPT table and some partitions, then something similar to the following command sequence could be used: \n" " mklabel gpt\n" " mkpartfs primary fat 0 50\n" " mkpartfs primary linux-swap 51 1000\n" " mkpartfs primary ext2 1001 3000\n" " set 1 boot on\n" " print\n" " quit\n" " This creates a new partition table, and three partitions to be used as an EFI boot partition, swap space, and a root file system. Finally it sets the boot flag on the EFI partition. Partitions are specified in Megabytes, with start and end offsets from the beginning of the disk. So, for example, above we created a 1999MB ext2 file system starting at offset 1001MB from the start of the disk. Note that formatting swap space with parted can take a few minutes to complete, as it scans the partition for bad blocks." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:854 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Boot Loader Partition Requirements" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:856 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "ELILO, the ia64 boot loader, requires a partition containing a FAT file system with the boot flag set. The partition must be big enough to hold the boot loader and any kernels or RAMdisks you may wish to boot. A minimum size would be about 20MB, but if you expect to run with multiple kernels, then 128MB might be a better size." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:865 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The EFI Boot Manager and the EFI Shell fully support the GPT table so the boot partition does not necessarily have to be the first partition or even on the same disk. This is convenient if you should forget to allocate the partition and only find out after you have formatted the other partitions on your disk(s). The partman partitioner checks for an EFI partition at the same time it checks for a properly set up root partition. This gives you an opportunity to correct the disk layout before the package install begins. The easiest way to correct this omission is to shrink the last partition of the disk to make enough free space for adding an EFI partition." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:880 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "It is strongly recommended that you allocate the EFI boot partition on the same disk as the root filesystem." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:889 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "EFI Diagnostic Partitions" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:891 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The EFI firmware is significantly more sophisticated than the usual BIOS seen on most x86 PCs. Some system vendors take advantage of the ability of the EFI to access files and run programs from a hard disk filesystem to store diagnostics and EFI based system management utilities on the hard disk. This is a separate FAT format filesystem on the system disk. Consult the system documentation and accessories that come with the system for details. The easiest time to set up a diagnostics partition is at the same time you set up the EFI boot partition." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:914 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "SGI machines require an SGI disk label in order to make the system bootable from hard disk. It can be created in the fdisk expert menu. The thereby created volume header (partition number 9) should be at least 3MB large. If the volume header created is too small, you can simply delete partition number 9 and re-add it with a different size. Note that the volume header must start at sector 0." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:931 #, no-c-format #. Tag: title msgid "Partitioning Newer PowerMacs" msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:932 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "If you are installing onto a NewWorld PowerMac you must create a special bootstrap partition to hold the boot loader. The size of this partition must be 800KB and its partition type must be Apple_Bootstrap. If the bootstrap partition is not created with the Apple_Bootstrap type your machine cannot be made bootable from the hard disk. This partition can easily be created by creating a new partition in partman and telling it to use it as a NewWorld boot partition, or in mac-fdisk using the b command." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:945 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "The special partition type Apple_Bootstrap is required to prevent MacOS from mounting and damaging the bootstrap partition, as there are special modifications made to it in order for OpenFirmware to boot it automatically." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:952 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Note that the bootstrap partition is only meant to hold 3 very small files: the yaboot binary, its configuration yaboot.conf, and a first stage OpenFirmware loader ofboot.b. It need not and must not be mounted on your file system nor have kernels or anything else copied to it. The ybin and mkofboot utilities are used to manipulate this partition." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:962 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "In order for OpenFirmware to automatically boot &debian; the bootstrap partition should appear before other boot partitions on the disk, especially MacOS boot partitions. The bootstrap partition should be the first one you create. However, if you add a bootstrap partition later, you can use mac-fdisk's r command to reorder the partition map so the bootstrap partition comes right after the map (which is always partition 1). It's the logical map order, not the physical address order, that counts." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:974 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Apple disks normally have several small driver partitions. If you intend to dual boot your machine with MacOSX, you should retain these partitions and a small HFS partition (800k is the minimum size). That is because MacOSX, on every boot, offers to initialize any disks which do not have active MacOS partitions and driver partitions." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:991 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Make sure you create a Sun disk label on your boot disk. This is the only kind of partition scheme that the OpenBoot PROM understands, and so it's the only scheme from which you can boot. The s key is used in fdisk to create Sun disk labels." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:999 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "Furthermore, on &arch-title; disks, make sure your first partition on your boot disk starts at cylinder 0. While this is required, it also means that the first partition will contain the partition table and the boot block, which are the first two sectors of the disk. You must not put swap on the first partition of the boot drive, since swap partitions do not preserve the first few sectors of the partition. You can put Ext2 or UFS partitions there; these will leave the partition table and the boot block alone." msgstr "" #: partitioning.xml:1010 #, no-c-format #. Tag: para msgid "It is also advised that the third partition should be of type Whole disk (type 5), and contain the entire disk (from the first cylinder to the last). This is simply a convention of Sun disk labels, and helps the SILO boot loader keep its bearings." msgstr ""