To prepare the USB stick, we recommend to use a system where GNU/Linux is already running and where USB is supported. With current GNU/Linux systems the USB stick should be automatically recognized when you insert it. If it is not you should check that the usb-storage kernel module is loaded. When the USB stick is inserted, it will be mapped to a device named /dev/sdX, where the X is a letter in the range a-z. You should be able to see to which device the USB stick was mapped by running the command lsblk before and after inserting it. (The output of dmesg (as root) is another possible method for that.) To write to your stick, you may have to turn off its write protection switch. The procedures described in this section will destroy anything already on the device! Make very sure that you use the correct device name for your USB stick. If you use the wrong device the result could be that all information on, for example, a hard disk is lost. Debian installation images for this architecture are created using the isohybrid technology; that means they can be written directly to a USB stick, which is a very easy way to make an installation media. Simply choose an image (such as the netinst, CD or DVD-1) that will fit on your USB stick. See to get an installation image. Alternatively, for very small USB sticks, only a few megabytes in size, you can download the &netboot-mini-iso; image from the netboot directory (at the location mentioned in ). The installation image you choose should be written directly to the USB stick, overwriting its current contents. For example, when using an existing GNU/Linux system, the image file can be written to a USB stick as follows, after having made sure that the stick is unmounted: # cp debian.iso /dev/sdX # sync Information about how to do this on other operating systems can be found in the Debian CD FAQ. The image must be written to the whole-disk device and not a partition, e.g. /dev/sdb and not /dev/sdb1. Do not use tools like unetbootin which alter the image. Simply writing the installation image to USB like this should work fine for most users. The other options below are more complex, mainly for people with specialised needs. The hybrid image on the stick does not occupy all the storage space, so it may be worth considering using the free space to hold firmware files or packages or any other files of your choice. This could be useful if you have only one stick or just want to keep everything you need on one device. To do so, use cfdisk or any other partitioning tool to create an additional partition on the stick. Then create a (FAT) filesystem on the partition, mount it and copy or unpack the firmware onto it, for example with: # mkdosfs -n FIRMWARE /dev/sdX3 # mount /dev/sdX3 /mnt # cd /mnt # tar zxvf /path/to/firmware.tar.gz # cd / # umount /mnt Take care that you use the correct device name for your USB stick. The mkdosfs command is contained in the dosfstools &debian; package. If you have chosen the mini.iso to be written to the USB stick, the second partition doesn't have to be created, as - very nicely - it will already be present. Unplugging and replugging the USB stick should make the two partitions visible. Prior to isohybrid technology being used for &debian; installation images, the methods documented in the chapters below were used to prepare media for booting from USB devices. These have been superseded by the technique in , but have been left here for educational and historical purposes and in case they are useful to some user. An alternative to the method described in is to manually copy the installer files, and also an installation image to the stick. Note that the USB stick should be at least 1 GB in size (smaller setups are possible using the files from netboot, following ). There is an all-in-one file &hdmedia-boot-img; which contains all the installer files (including the kernel) as well as syslinux and its configuration file. Note that, although convenient, this method does have one major disadvantage: the logical size of the device will be limited to 1 GB, even if the capacity of the USB stick is larger. You will need to repartition the USB stick and create new file systems to get its full capacity back if you ever want to use it for some different purpose. Simply extract this image directly to your USB stick: # zcat boot.img.gz > /dev/sdX After that, mount the USB memory stick (mount /dev/sdX /mnt), (mount /dev/sdX2 /mnt), which will now have a FAT filesystem an HFS filesystem on it, and copy a &debian; ISO image (netinst or full CD; see ) to it. Unmount the stick (umount /mnt) and you are done. If you like more flexibility or just want to know what's going on, you should use the following method to put the files on your stick. One advantage of using this method is that — if the capacity of your USB stick is large enough — you have the option of copying any ISO image, even a DVD image, to it. &usb-setup-x86.xml; &usb-setup-powerpc.xml;