CPU, Main Boards, and Video Support
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than the i386/amd64-based PC
architecture, so whilst 64-bit ARM machines should boot in a
standardised way, like PCs, the situation is more complicated for
32-bit ARM machines.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called
systems-on-chip
(SoCs). These SoCs are designed by many
different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for
the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System
firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but
especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great
deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many
system-specific low-level issues which are handled by the mainboard's
BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware
variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for
each ARM system in contrast to the one-fits-all
kernel
for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of
different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM
kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM
systems gets implemented in a way that allows the use of such a
multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate
specific kernel is still required.
Because of this, the standard &debian; distribution only supports
installation on a selected number of older 32-bit ARM systems in
addition to the newer (32 and 64-bit) systems which are supported by
the ARM multiplatform kernels (called 'armmp' on 32-bit armhf, no
flavour name on 64-bit arm64).
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors
provide features which are not available in older models. &debian;
therefore provides three ARM ports: the &debian;/arm64 port for all
64-bit machines, and the &debian;/armel and the &debian;/armhf ports
for 32-bit machines. &debian;/armel targets older ARM processors
without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU), while
&debian;/armhf works only on newer ARM processors which implement at
least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating
point specification (VFPv3). &debian;/armhf makes use of the extended
features and performance enhancements available on these models.
&debian;/arm64 works on processors which implement at least the ARMv8
architecture (which is 64bit).
Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either
endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use
little-endian mode. All of &debian;/arm64, &debian;/armhf and
&debian;/armel support only little-endian systems.
Platforms supported by Debian/arm64
Arm64/AArch64/ARMv8 hardware became available quite late in the
&debian; &releasename-cap; release cycle so not many platforms have had
support merged in the mainline kernel version in this release,
which is the main requirement to have &d-i; working on
them.
The tested platforms are listed below, but in general, the
multiplatform support in the arm64 Linux kernel also allows
running &d-i; on arm64 systems not explicitly listed below, so
long as the kernel used by &d-i; has support for the target
system's components and a device-tree file for the target is
available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a
working userland installation, and so long as UEFI is in use, it
should be able to make the system bootable as well. If UEFI is not
used (some 64-bit machines have been shipped with U-Boot) you will
probably also need some manual steps to make the system bootable.
The following platforms are known to be supported by
&debian;/arm64 in this release. There is only one kernel, which
supports all the listed platforms.
Applied Micro (APM) Mustang/X-Gene
The APM Mustang was the first Linux-capable ARMv8 system
available. It uses the X-gene SoC, since also used in
other machines, which is an 8-core CPU, with ethernet,
USB, serial. A common form-factor looks just like a
desktop PC box, but many versions are expected. Most of
the hardware is supported in the mainline kernel, but USB
support is lacking in the &releasename-cap; kernel.
ARM Juno Development Platform
Juno is a capable development board with a 6-core (2xA57,
4xA53) ARMv8-A 800Mhz CPU, Mali (T624) graphics, 8GB DDR3
RAM, Ethernet, USB, Serial. It was designed for system
bring-up and power testing so is neither small nor cheap,
but was one of the first boards available. All the
hardware is supported in the mainline kernel and in
&releasename-cap;.
When using &d-i; on non-UEFI systems, you may have to manually
make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by
running the required commands in a shell started from within
&d-i;. flash-kernel knows how to set up an X-Gene system booting
with U-Boot.
Platforms supported by Debian/armhf
The following systems are known to work with &debian;/armhf using the
multiplatform (armmp) kernel:
Freescale MX53 Quick Start Board
The IMX53QSB is a development board based on the i.MX53 SoC.
Versatile Express
The Versatile Express is a development board series from ARM
consisting of a baseboard which can be equipped with various CPU
daughter boards.
Certain Allwinner sunXi-based development boards and embedded
systems
The armmp kernel supports several development boards and
embedded systems based on the Allwinner A10 (architecture
codename sun4i
), A10s/A13 (architecture codename
sun5i
) and A20 (architecture codename
sun7i
) SoCs. Full installer support is currently
available for the following sunXi-based systems:
Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck
LeMaker Banana Pi and Banana Pro
LinkSprite pcDuino and pcDuino3
Mele A1000
Miniand Hackberry
Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro /
A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro /
A20-Olinuxino-LIME / A20-Olinuxino-LIME2 / A20-Olinuxino Micro
PineRiver Mini X-Plus
System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to
drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline
Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel
series is not supported by Debian.
The mainline Linux kernel generally supports serial console,
ethernet, SATA, USB and MMC/SD-cards on Allwinner A10, A10s/A13
and A20 SoCs, but it does not have native drivers for the
display (HDMI/VGA/LCD) and audio hardware in these SoCs. The
NAND flash memory that is built into some sunXi-based systems is
not supported.
Using a local display is technically possible without native
display drivers via the simplefb
infrastructure
in the mainline kernel, which relies on the
u-boot
bootloader for initialising the display
hardware, but this is not supported by the u-boot version in
&debian; 8.
SolidRun Cubox-i2eX / Cubox-i4Pro
The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems
based on the Freescale i.MX6 SoC family. System support for
the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree
information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the
Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by
Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include
serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and display
support over HDMI (console and X11). In addition to that,
the eSATA port on the Cubox-i4Pro is supported.
Wandboard Quad
The Wandboard Quad is a development board based on the Freescale
i.MX6 Quad SoC. System support for it is limited to drivers and
device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel;
the wandboard-specific 3.0 and 3.10 kernel series from
wandboard.org are not supported by Debian. The mainline kernel
includes driver support for serial console, display via HDMI
(console and X11), ethernet, USB, MMC/SD and SATA. Support for
the onboard audio options (analog, S/PDIF, HDMI-Audio) and for
the onboard WLAN/Bluetooth module is not available in &debian;
8.
Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows
running &d-i; on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as
the kernel used by &d-i; has support for the target system's components
and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the
installer can usually provide a working userland installation, but it
probably cannot automatically make the system bootable, as doing that in
many cases requires device-specific information.
When using &d-i; on such systems, you may have to manually make
the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by
running the required commands in a shell started from within
&d-i;.
Platforms no longer supported by Debian/armhf
EfikaMX
The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX
nettop) has been supported in &debian; 7 with a platform-specific
kernel, but is no longer supported from &debian; 8 onwards. The code
required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been
removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian
cannot provide newer builds. Using the armmp
multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree
support for it, which is currently not available.
Platforms supported by Debian/armel
The following platforms are supported by &debian;/armel; they require
platform-specific kernels.
IXP4xx
The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in network attached storage
devices like the Linksys NSLU2.
While there is kernel support for this platform in &debian; 8, it is not
supported by the &d-i;. It is possible to do a dist-upgrade
from Debian 7 to Debian 8 for existing installations, though. Due to the
low amount of RAM that systems based on the IXP4xx usually have, this
requires that swap space is enabled prior to upgrading. Support for the
IXP4xx platform will be dropped completely in &debian; 9.
Kirkwood
Kirkwood is a system on a chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM
CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. We
currently support the following Kirkwood based devices: OpenRD
(OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client and OpenRD-Ultimate), plug computers (SheevaPlug, GuruPlug and
DreamPlug), QNAP
Turbo Station (all TS-11x, TS-21x and TS-41x models), and LaCie
NASes (Network Space v2, Network Space Max v2, Internet Space v2, d2
Network v2, 2Big Network v2 and 5Big Network v2).
Orion5x
Orion is a system on a chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU,
Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. There are many
Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices on the market that are based on an
Orion chip. We currently support the following Orion based devices: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 and HP mv2120.
Versatile
The Versatile platform is emulated by QEMU and is therefore a nice way to
test and run &debian; on ARM if you don't have the hardware.
Platforms no longer supported by Debian/armel
IOP32x
Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products
related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the
Thecus N2100. &debian;
has supported the IOP32x platform in &debian; 7, but does not support
it any longer from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the
platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer
&debian; releases.
MV78xx0
The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP
development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific
kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported
any more from Debian 8 onwards.