ARM systems are a lot more heterogenous than the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, where all systems share a common system firmware (BIOS or/and UEFI) which handles the board-specific basic hardware initialization in a standardized way. The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called systems-on-chip (SOCs). These SOCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. Systems using them usually lack a common system firmware interface and as a result, on ARM systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which are handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world. At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, this resulted in the requirement of having a seperate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the one-fits-all kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work has started to be able to provide a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems gets implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a seperate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard &debian; distribution only supports installation on a selected number of older ARM systems in addition to the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform (armmp) kernel. The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. &debian; therefore provides two ARM ports, the &debian;/armel and the &debian;/armhf port. &debian;/armel targets older ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU), while &debian;/armhf works only on newer ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). &debian;/armhf makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models. Technically, several ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority of currently available systems uses little-endian mode. Both &debian;/armhf and &debian;/armel support only little-endian systems. The following platforms are supported by &debian;/armel; they require platform-specific kernels. Kirkwood Kirkwood is a system on a chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. We currently support the following Kirkwood based devices: OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client and OpenRD-Ultimate), plug computers (SheevaPlug, GuruPlug and DreamPlug), QNAP Turbo Station (all TS-11x, TS-21x and TS-41x models), and LaCie NASes (Network Space v2, Network Space Max v2, Internet Space v2, d2 Network v2, 2Big Network v2 and 5Big Network v2). Orion5x Orion is a system on a chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. There are many Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices on the market that are based on an Orion chip. We currently support the following Orion based devices: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 and HP mv2120. MV78xx0 The MV78xx0 platform is used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. Versatile The Versatile platform is emulated by QEMU and is therefore a nice way to test and run &debian; on ARM if you don't have the hardware. IOP32x Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the Thecus N2100. &debian; has supported the IOP32x platform in &debian; 7, but does not support it anymore from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer &debian; releases. IXP4xx The Intel IXP4xx processor series has been used in network attached storage devices like the the Linksys NSLU2. &debian; has supported the IXP4xx platform in &debian; 7, but does not support it anymore from version 8 on, as the formerly supported devices do not provide enough flash capacity for the kernel used in &debian; 8. The following systems are known to work with &debian;/armhf using the multiplatform (armmp) kernel: Freescale MX53 Quick Start Board The IMX53QSB is a development board based on the i.MX53 SOC. Versatile Express The Versatile Express is a development board series from ARM consisting of a baseboard which can be equipped with various CPU daughterboards. Certain Allwinner sunXi-based development boards and embedded systems The armmp kernel supports several development boards and embedded systems based on the Allwinner A10 (architecture codename sun4i) and A20 (architecture codename sun7i) SOCs. Full installer support is currently available for the following sunXi-based systems: Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck LinkSprite pcDuino Mele A1000 Miniand Hackberry Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro / A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro / A20-Olinuxino Micro PineRiver Mini X-Plus System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel series is not supported by Debian. The mainline Linux kernel generally supports serial console, ethernet, SATA, USB and MMC/SD-cards on Allwinner A10 and A20 SOCs, but it does not have local display (HDMI/VGA/LVDS) and audio support. The NAND flash memory that is built into some sunXi-based systems is not supported. SolidRun Cubox-i2eX / Cubox-i4Pro The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems based on the Freescale i.MX6 SOC family. System support for the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and basic local display support over HDMI. Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows running &d-i; on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as the kernel used by &d-i; has support for the target system's components and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working userland installation, but it probably cannot automatically make the system bootable, as doing that in many cases requires device-specific information. When using &d-i; on such systems, you have to manually make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by running the required commands in a shell started from within &d-i;. EfikaMX The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX nettop) has been supported in &debian; 7 with a platform-specific kernel, but is not supported anymore from &debian; 8 onwards. The code required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian cannot provide newer builds. Using the armmp multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree support for it, which is currently not available.