This appendix explains the intricacies of preseeding answers to questions in &d-i; to automate your installation. The configuration fragments used in this appendix are also available as an example preconfiguration file from &urlset-example-preseed;. Preseeding provides a way to set answers to questions asked during the installation process, without having to manually enter the answers while the installation is running. This makes it possible to fully automate most types of installation and even offers some features not available during normal installations. There are three methods that can be used for preseeding: initrd, file and network. Initrd preseeding will work with any installation method and supports preseeding of more things, but it requires the most preparation. File and network preseeding each can be used with different installation methods. With file and network preseeding the first few installer questions cannot be preseeded because the preconfiguration file is only loaded after they have been asked. The following table shows which preseeding methods can be used with which installation methods. Installation methodinitrd filenetwork CD/DVD yes yes no netboot yes no yes hd-media (including usb-stick) yes yes no floppy based (cd-drivers) yes yes no floppy based (net-drivers) yes no yes generic/tape yes no yes An important difference between the preseeding methods is the point at which the preconfiguration file is loaded and processed. For initrd preseeding this is right at the start of the installation, before the first question is even asked. For file preseeding this is after the CD or CD image has been loaded. For network preseeding it is only after the network has been configured. In practical terms this means for file and network preseeding that the questions about language, country and keyboard selection will already have been asked. For network preseeding add to that any questions related to network configuration. Some other questions that are only displayed at medium or low priority (like the first hardware detection run) will also already have been processed. Obviously, any questions that have been processed before the preconfiguration file is loaded cannot be preseeded. offers a way to avoid these questions being asked. Although most questions used by &d-i; can be preseeded using this method, there are some notable exceptions. You must (re)partition an entire disk or use available free space on a disk; it is not possible to use existing partitions. A very powerful and flexible option offered by the preconfiguration tools is the ability to run commands or scripts at certain points in the installation. See for details. preseed/early_command: is run as soon as the preconfiguration file has been loaded preseed/late_command: is run just before the reboot at the end of the install, but before the /target filesystem has been unmounted It is possible to use preseeding to change the default answer for a question, but still have the question asked. To do this the seen flag must be reset to false after setting the value for a question. d-i foo/bar string value d-i foo/bar seen false Of course you will first need to create a preconfiguration file and place it in the location from where you want to use it. Creating the preconfiguration file is covered later in this appendix. Putting it in the correct location is fairly straightforward for network preseeding or if you want to read the file off a floppy or usb-stick. If you want to include the file on a CD or DVD, you will have to remaster the ISO image. How to get the preconfiguration file included in the initrd is outside the scope of this document; please consult the developers documentation for &d-i;. An example preconfiguration file that you can use as basis for your own preconfiguration file is available from &urlset-example-preseed;. This file is based on the configuration fragments included in this appendix. If you are using initrd preseeding, you only have to make sure a file named preseed.cfg is included in the root directory of the initrd. The installer will automatically check if this file is present and load it. For the other preseeding methods you need to tell the installer what file to use when you boot it. This is normally done by passing the kernel a boot parameter, either manually at boot time or by editing the bootloader configuration file (e.g. syslinux.cfg) and adding the parameter to the end of the append line(s) for the kernel. If you do specify the preconfiguration file in the bootloader configuration, you might change the configuration so you don't need to hit enter to boot the installer. For syslinux this means setting the timeout to 1 in syslinux.cfg. To make sure the installer gets the right preconfiguration file, you can optionally specify a checksum for the file. Currently this needs to be a md5sum, and if specified it must match the preconfiguration file or the installer will refuse to use it. Boot parameters to specify: - if you're netbooting: preseed/url=http://host/path/to/preseed.cfg preseed/url/checksum=5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d - if you're booting a remastered CD: preseed/file=/cdrom/preseed.cfg preseed/file/checksum=5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d - if you're installing from USB media (put the preconfiguration file in the toplevel directory of the USB stick): preseed/file=/hd-media/preseed.cfg preseed/file/checksum=5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d Note that preseed/url can be shortened to just url and preseed/file to just file when they are passed as boot parameters. While you're at it, you may want to add a boot parameter priority=critical. This will avoid most questions even if the preseeding below misses some. It's also possible to use DHCP to specify a preconfiguration file to download from the network. DHCP allows specifying a filename. Normally this is a file to netboot, but if it appears to be an URL then installation media that support network preseeding will download the file from the URL and use it as a preconfiguration file. Here is an example of how to set it up in the dhcpd.conf for version 3 of the ISC DHCP server (the dhcp3-server Debian package). if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 3) = "d-i" { filename "http://host/preseed.cfg"; } Note that the above example limits this filename to DHCP clients that identify themselves as "d-i", so it will not affect regular DHCP clients, but only the installer. You can also put the text in a stanza for only one particular host to avoid preseeding all installs on your network. A good way to use the DHCP preseeding is to only preseed values specific to your network, such as the Debian mirror to use. This way installs on your network will automatically get a good mirror selected, but the rest of the installation can be performed interactively. Using DHCP preseeding to fully automate Debian installs should only be done with care. Some parts of the installation process cannot be automated using some forms of preseeding because the questions are asked before the preconfiguration file is loaded. For example, if the preconfiguration file is downloaded over the network, the network setup must be done first. One reason to use initrd preseeding is that it allows preseeding of even these early steps of the installation process. If a preconfiguration file cannot be used to preseed some steps, the install can still be fully automated, since you can pass preseed values to the kernel on the command line. Just pass path/to/var=value for any of the preseed variables listed in the examples. Note that some variables that are frequently set at the boot prompt have a shorter alias. If an alias is available, it is used in the examples in this appendix instead of the full variable. A -- in the boot options has special meaning. Kernel parameters that appear after the last -- will be copied into the installed bootloader configuration (if supported by the installer for the bootloader). Note that the -- may already be present in the default boot parameters, which means that unless you add another -- all parameters specified at the boot prompt will be copied. That being the case, you should specify any preconfiguration options before any options required by the hardware in order to boot, and separate them with a -- to ensure that only the latter are copied onto the target system. Current linux kernels (2.6.9 and later) accept a maximum of 32 command line options and 32 environment options, including any options added by default for the installer. If these numbers are exceeded, the kernel will panic (crash). (For earlier kernels, these numbers were lower.) For most installations some of the default options in your bootloader configuration file, like vga=normal, may be safely removed which may allow you to add more options for preseeding. It may not always be possible to specify values with spaces for boot parameters, even if you delimit them with quotes. The preconfiguration file is in the format used by the debconf-set-selections command. The general format of a line in a preconfiguration file is: <owner> <question name> <question type> <value> There are a few rules to keep in mind when writing a preconfiguration file. Put only a single space or tab between type and value: any additional whitespace will be interpreted as belonging to the value. A line can be split into multiple lines by appending a backslash (\) as the line continuation character. A good place to split a line is after the question name; a bad place is between type and value. Most questions need to be preseeded using the values valid in English and not the translated values. However, there are some questions (for example in partman) where the translated values need to be used. Some questions take a code as value instead of the English text that is shown during installation. The easiest way to create a preconfiguration file is to use the example file linked in as basis and work from there. An alternative method is to do a manual installation and then, after rebooting, use the debconf-get-selections from the debconf-utils package to dump both the debconf database and the installer's cdebconf database to a single file: $ debconf-get-selections --installer > file $ debconf-get-selections >> file However, a file generated in this manner will have some items that should not be preseeded, and the example file is a better starting place for most users. This method relies on the fact that, at the end of the installation, the installer's cdebconf database is saved to the installed system in /var/log/installer/cdebconf. However, because the database may contain sensitive information, by default the files are only readable by root. The directory /var/log/installer and all files in it will be deleted from your system if you purge the package installation-report. To check possible values for questions, you can use nano to examine the files in /var/lib/cdebconf while an installation is in progress. View templates.dat for the raw templates and questions.dat for the current values and for the values assigned to variables. To check if the format of your preconfiguration file is valid before performing an install, you can use the command debconf-set-selections -c preseed.cfg. The configuration fragments used in this appendix are also available as an example preconfiguration file from &urlset-example-preseed;. Note that this example is based on an installation for the Intel x86 architecture. If you are installing a different architecture, some of the examples (like keyboard selection and bootloader installation) may not be relevant and will need to be replaced by debconf settings appropriate for your architecture. Setting localization values will only work if you are using initrd preseeding. With all other methods the preconfiguration file will only be loaded after these questions have been asked. The locale can be used to specify both language and country. To specify the locale as a boot parameter, use locale=en_US. # Locale sets language and country. d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US Keyboard configuration consists of selecting a keyboard architecture and a keymap. In most cases the correct keyboard architecture is selected by default, so there's normally no need to preseed it. The keymap must be valid for the selected keyboard architecture. # Keyboard selection. #d-i console-tools/archs select at d-i console-keymaps-at/keymap select us # Example for a different keyboard architecture #d-i console-keymaps-usb/keymap select mac-usb-us To skip keyboard configuration, preseed console-tools/archs with skip-config. This will result in the kernel keymap remaining active. The changes in the input layer for 2.6 kernels have made the keyboard architecture virtually obsolete. For 2.6 kernels normally a PC (at) keymap should be selected. Of course, preseeding the network configuration won't work if you're loading your preconfiguration file from the network. But it's great when you're booting from CD or USB stick. If you are loading preconfiguration files from the network, you can pass network config parameters by using kernel boot parameters. If you need to pick a particular interface when netbooting before loading a preconfiguration file from the network, use a boot parameter such as interface=eth1. Although preseeding the network configuration is normally not possible when using network preseeding (using preseed/url), you can use the following hack to work around that, for example if you'd like to set a static address for the network interface. The hack is to force the network configuration to run again after the preconfiguration file has been loaded by creating a preseed/run script containing the following lines: killall.sh dhclient netcfg # netcfg will choose an interface that has link if possible. This makes it # skip displaying a list if there is more than one interface. d-i netcfg/choose_interface select auto # To pick a particular interface instead: #d-i netcfg/choose_interface select eth1 # If you have a slow dhcp server and the installer times out waiting for # it, this might be useful. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_timeout string 60 # If you prefer to configure the network manually, uncomment this line and # the static network configuration below. #d-i netcfg/disable_dhcp boolean true # If you want the preconfiguration file to work on systems both with and # without a dhcp server, uncomment these lines and the static network # configuration below. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_failed note #d-i netcfg/dhcp_options select Configure network manually # Static network configuration. #d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string 192.168.1.1 #d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string 192.168.1.42 #d-i netcfg/get_netmask string 255.255.255.0 #d-i netcfg/get_gateway string 192.168.1.1 #d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true # Any hostname and domain names assigned from dhcp take precedence over # values set here. However, setting the values still prevents the questions # from being shown, even if values come from dhcp. d-i netcfg/get_hostname string unassigned-hostname d-i netcfg/get_domain string unassigned-domain # Disable that annoying WEP key dialog. d-i netcfg/wireless_wep string # The wacky dhcp hostname that some ISPs use as a password of sorts. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_hostname string radish Depending on the installation method you use, a mirror may be used both to download additional components of the installer, the base system and to set up the /etc/apt/sources.list for the installed system. The parameter mirror/suite determines the suite for the installed system. The parameter mirror/udeb/suite determines the suite for additional components for the installer. It is only useful to set this if components are actually downloaded over the network and should match the suite that was used to build the initrd for the installation method used for the installation. By default the value for mirror/udeb/suite is the same as mirror/suite. d-i mirror/country string enter information manually d-i mirror/http/hostname string http.us.debian.org d-i mirror/http/directory string /debian d-i mirror/http/proxy string # Suite to install. #d-i mirror/suite string testing # Suite to use for loading installer components (optional). #d-i mirror/udeb/suite string testing Using preseeding to partition the harddisk is very much limited to what is supported by partman-auto. You can choose to either partition existing free space on a disk or a whole disk. The layout of the disk can be determined by using a predefined recipe, a custom recipe from a recipe file or a recipe included in the preconfiguration file. It is currently not possible to partition multiple disks using preseeding. The identification of disks is dependent on the order in which their drivers are loaded. If there are multiple disks in the system, make very sure the correct one will be selected before using preseeding. # If the system has free space you can choose to only partition that space. # Note: this must be preseeded with a localized (translated) value. #d-i partman-auto/init_automatically_partition \ # select Guided - use the largest continuous free space # Alternatively, you can specify a disk to partition. The device name # can be given in either devfs or traditional non-devfs format. # For example, to use the first disk: d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/discs/disc0/disc # In addition, you'll need to specify the method to use. # The presently available methods are: "regular", "lvm" and "crypto" d-i partman-auto/method string lvm # If one of the disks that are going to be automatically partitioned # contains an old LVM configuration, the user will normally receive a # warning. This can be preseeded away... d-i partman-auto/purge_lvm_from_device boolean true # And the same goes for the confirmation to write the lvm partitions. d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true # You can choose from any of the predefined partitioning recipes. # Note: this must be preseeded with a localized (translated) value. d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe \ select All files in one partition (recommended for new users) #d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe \ # select Separate /home partition #d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe \ # select Separate /home, /usr, /var, and /tmp partitions # Or provide a recipe of your own... # The recipe format is documented in the file devel/partman-auto-recipe.txt. # If you have a way to get a recipe file into the d-i environment, you can # just point at it. #d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe_file string /hd-media/recipe # If not, you can put an entire recipe into the preconfiguration file in one # (logical) line. This example creates a small /boot partition, suitable # swap, and uses the rest of the space for the root partition: #d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \ # boot-root :: \ # 40 50 100 ext3 \ # $primary{ } $bootable{ } \ # method{ format } format{ } \ # use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext3 } \ # mountpoint{ /boot } \ # . \ # 500 10000 1000000000 ext3 \ # method{ format } format{ } \ # use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext3 } \ # mountpoint{ / } \ # . \ # 64 512 300% linux-swap \ # method{ swap } format{ } \ # . # This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation. d-i partman/confirm_write_new_label boolean true d-i partman/choose_partition \ select Finish partitioning and write changes to disk d-i partman/confirm boolean true You can also use preseeding to set up partitions on software RAID arrays. Supported are RAID levels 0, 1 and 5, creating degraded arrays and specifying spare devices. If you are using RAID 1, you can preseed grub to install to all devices used in the array; see . This type of automated partitioning is easy to get wrong. It is also a very new component that may still have some bugs or missing error handling. The responsibility to get the various recipes right (so they make sense and don't conflict) lies with the user. Check /var/log/syslog if you run into problems. Note that only RAID 0 and RAID 1 have been tested by the developers of the component. RAID 5 is untested. Advanced RAID setup with degraded arrays or spare devices has only been tested lightly. # NOTE: this option is of beta release quality and should be used carefully # The method should be set to "raid". #d-i partman-auto/method string raid # Specify the disks to be partitioned. They will all get the same layout, # so this will only work if the disks are the same size. #d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/discs/disc0/disc /dev/discs/disc1/disc # Next you need to specify the physical partitions that will be used. #d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \ # multiraid :: \ # 1000 5000 4000 raid \ # $primary{ } method{ raid } \ # . \ # 64 512 300% raid \ # method{ raid } \ # . \ # 500 10000 1000000000 raid \ # method{ raid } \ # . # Last you need to specify how the previously defined partitions will be # used in the RAID setup. Remember to use the correct partition numbers # for logical partitions. # Parameters are: # <raidtype> <devcount> <sparecount> <fstype> <mountpoint> \ # <devices> <sparedevices> # RAID levels 0, 1 and 5 are supported; devices are separated using "#" #d-i partman-auto-raid/recipe string \ # 1 2 0 ext3 / \ # /dev/discs/disc0/part1#/dev/discs/disc1/part1 \ # . \ # 1 2 0 swap - \ # /dev/discs/disc0/part5#/dev/discs/disc1/part5 \ # . \ # 0 2 0 ext3 /home \ # /dev/discs/disc0/part6#/dev/discs/disc1/part6 \ # . # This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation. d-i partman-md/confirm boolean true d-i partman/confirm_write_new_label boolean true d-i partman/choose_partition \ select Finish partitioning and write changes to disk d-i partman/confirm boolean true # Controls whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC. d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true # You may set this to any valid setting for $TZ; see the contents of # /usr/share/zoneinfo/ for valid values. d-i time/zone string US/Eastern Setup of the /etc/apt/sources.list and basic configuration options is fully automated based on your installation method and answers to earlier questions. You can optionally add other (local) repositories. # You can choose to install non-free and contrib software. #d-i apt-setup/non-free boolean true #d-i apt-setup/contrib boolean true # Uncomment this to avoid adding security sources, or # add a hostname to use a different server than security.debian.org. #d-i apt-setup/security_host string # Additional repositories, local[0-9] available #d-i apt-setup/local0/repository string \ # deb http://local.server/debian stable main #d-i apt-setup/local0/comment string local server # Enable deb-src lines #d-i apt-setup/local0/source boolean true # URL to the public key of the local repository #d-i apt-setup/local0/key string http://local.server/key The password for the root account and name and password for a first regular user's account can be preseeded. For the passwords you can use either clear text values or MD5 hashes. Be aware that preseeding passwords is not completely secure as everyone with access to the preconfiguration file will have the knowledge of these passwords. Using MD5 hashes is considered slightly better in terms of security but it might also give a false sense of security as access to a MD5 hash allows for brute force attacks. # Skip creation of a root account (normal user account will be able to # use sudo). #d-i passwd/root-login boolean false # Alternatively, to skip creation of a normal user account. #d-i passwd/make-user boolean false # Root password, either in clear text #d-i passwd/root-password password r00tme #d-i passwd/root-password-again password r00tme # or encrypted using an MD5 hash. #d-i passwd/root-password-crypted password [MD5 hash] # To create a normal user account. #d-i passwd/user-fullname string Debian User #d-i passwd/username string debian # Normal user's password, either in clear text #d-i passwd/user-password password insecure #d-i passwd/user-password-again password insecure # or encrypted using an MD5 hash. #d-i passwd/user-password-crypted password [MD5 hash] The passwd/root-password-crypted and passwd/user-password-crypted variables can also be preseeded with ! as their value. In that case, the corresponding account is disabled. This may be convenient for the root account, provided of course that an alternative method is setup to allow administrative activities or root login (for instance by using SSH key authentication or sudo). An MD5 hash for a password can be generated using the following command. $ echo "r00tme" | mkpasswd -s -H MD5 There is actually not very much that can be preseeded for this stage of the installation. The only questions asked concern the installation of the kernel. # Select the initramfs generator used to generate the initrd for 2.6 kernels. #d-i base-installer/kernel/linux/initramfs-generators string yaird # Grub is the default boot loader (for x86). If you want lilo installed # instead, uncomment this: #d-i grub-installer/skip boolean true # This is fairly safe to set, it makes grub install automatically to the MBR # if no other operating system is detected on the machine. d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true # This one makes grub-installer install to the MBR if if finds some other OS # too, which is less safe as it might not be able to boot that other OS. d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean true # Alternatively, if you want to install to a location other than the mbr, # uncomment and edit these lines: #d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean false #d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean false #d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,0) # To install grub to multiple disks: #d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,0) (hd1,0) (hd2,0) You can choose to install any combination of tasks that are available. Available tasks as of this writing include: standard desktop gnome-desktop kde-desktop web-server print-server dns-server file-server mail-server sql-database laptop You can also choose to install no tasks, and force the installation of a set of packages in some other way. We recommend always including the standard task. If you want to install some individual packages in addition to packages installed by tasks, you can use the parameter pkgsel/include. The value of this parameter can be either comma-separated or space-separated, so you can also use it easily on the kernel command line. tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, desktop #tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, web-server #tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, kde-desktop # Individual additional packages to install #d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server build-essential # Some versions of the installer can report back on what software you have # installed, and what software you use. The default is not to report back, # but sending reports helps the project determine what software is most # popular and include it on CDs. #popularity-contest popularity-contest/participate boolean false # Avoid that last message about the install being complete. d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note # This will prevent the installer from ejecting the CD during the reboot, # which is useful in some situations. #d-i cdrom-detect/eject boolean false During a normal install, exim asks only a few questions. Here's how to avoid even those. More complicated preseeding is possible. exim4-config exim4/dc_eximconfig_configtype \ select no configuration at this time exim4-config exim4/no_config boolean true exim4-config exim4/no_config boolean true exim4-config exim4/dc_postmaster string Preseeding Debian's X config is possible, but you probably need to know some details about the video hardware of the machine, since Debian's X configurator does not do fully automatic configuration of everything. # X can detect the right driver for some cards, but if you're preseeding, # you override whatever it chooses. Still, vesa will work most places. #xserver-xorg xserver-xorg/config/device/driver select vesa # A caveat with mouse autodetection is that if it fails, X will retry it # over and over. So if it's preseeded to be done, there is a possibility of # an infinite loop if the mouse is not autodetected. #xserver-xorg xserver-xorg/autodetect_mouse boolean true # Monitor autodetection is recommended. xserver-xorg xserver-xorg/autodetect_monitor boolean true # Uncomment if you have an LCD display. #xserver-xorg xserver-xorg/config/monitor/lcd boolean true # X has three configuration paths for the monitor. Here's how to preseed # the "medium" path, which is always available. The "simple" path may not # be available, and the "advanced" path asks too many questions. xserver-xorg xserver-xorg/config/monitor/selection-method \ select medium xserver-xorg xserver-xorg/config/monitor/mode-list \ select 1024x768 @ 60 Hz # Depending on what software you choose to install, or if things go wrong # during the installation process, it's possible that other questions may # be asked. You can preseed those too, of course. To get a list of every # possible question that could be asked during an install, do an # installation, and then run these commands: # debconf-get-selections --installer > file # debconf-get-selections >> file # d-i preseeding is inherently not secure. Nothing in the installer checks # for attempts at buffer overflows or other exploits of the values of a # preconfiguration file like this one. Only use preconfiguration files from # trusted locations! To drive that home, and because it's generally useful, # here's a way to run any shell command you'd like inside the installer, # automatically. # This first command is run as early as possible, just after # preseeding is read. #d-i preseed/early_command string anna-install some-udeb # This command is run just before the install finishes, but when there is # still a usable /target directory. You can chroot to /target and use it # directly, or use the apt-install and in-target commands to easily install # packages and run commands in the target system. #d-i preseed/late_command string apt-install zsh; in-target chsh -s /bin/zsh It is possible to include other preconfiguration files from a preconfiguration file. Any settings in those files will override pre-existing settings from files loaded earlier. This makes it possible to put, for example, general networking settings for your location in one file and more specific settings for certain configurations in other files. # More that one file can be listed, separated by spaces; all will be # loaded. The included files can have preseed/include directives of their # own as well. Note that if the filenames are relative, they are taken from # the same directory as the preconfiguration file that includes them. #d-i preseed/include string x.cfg # The installer can optionally verify checksums of preconfiguration files # before using them. Currently only md5sums are supported, list the md5sums # in the same order as the list of files to include. #d-i preseed/include/checksum string 5da499872becccfeda2c4872f9171c3d # More flexibly, this runs a shell command and if it outputs the names of # preconfiguration files, includes those files. #d-i preseed/include_command \ # string echo if [ "`hostname`" = bob ]; then echo bob.cfg; fi # Most flexibly of all, this downloads a program and runs it. The program # can use commands such as debconf-set to manipulate the debconf database. # Note that if the filenames are relative, they are taken from the same # directory as the preconfiguration file that runs them. d-i preseed/run string foo.sh